CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: OVERVIEW

September 22, 2008 at 5:21 pm | In Books, Economics, Financial, Globalization, History, Middle East, Research, Science & Technology, Third World, USA, World-system | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP

Analyzing globalization, the Middle East & the world-system

CFG Intro

About CFG

CFG Today

CFG Tomorrow

Home

Middle East

Globalization

Economic Data

Background Essays

Blogs

The West & the Third World

Muslims & Jews in the World-System

Economic & Corporate Data

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: WORLD ECONOMY BIG

PREDICTION BOOK

Unsustainable Patterns of World Economic Growth

FINANCIAL BUBBLES AND UNSUSTAINABLE PATTERNS OF WORLD ECONOMIC GROWTH

Globalization The Middle East and The World-System:

GLOBALIZATION AS A TRAFFIC JAM OF THREE

SUBWORLDS

GLOBALIZATION DEEP STRUCTURE

GLOBALIZATION AS THREE GEARS

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP

Analyzing globalization, the Middle East & the world-system

CFG: “Unsustainable Patterns of World Economic Growth” 1998

October 12, 2008 at 4:30 am | In Economics, Financial, Globalization, History, Research | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP

Unsustainable Patterns of World Economic Growth

http://www.geocities.com/lance_feiner/

GLOBALIZATION AND THE CURRENT CRISIS 1998

A Handbook for Progressive Policy Makers

(By the Green Policy Group of The Other Economic Summit)

More precisely, from 1985 to the present, the US has been imposing a series of unsustainable economic and financial bubbles on various regions of the world successively (first Japan and Europe, then Asia, then Latin America, then China, etc.) in order to satisfy its insatiable demand for exports. Countries and regions have been overwhelmed by floods of outside capital, which they had neither the social nor economic institutions to deal with. A more viable policy would be the promotion of economic growth in more areas of the world simultaneously, but at a slower and more sustainable pace. Africa and the Arab world should not be written off as “basket cases” to be left to the dictates of a fickle global financial market.

As of this writing, policy makers are urging Japan to become the “locomotive” for Asia. Poor people in Asia are being asked to reduce their consumption, even as rich people in Japan are being asked to increase theirs. It seems that we’re back to ”Western-led growth” again. However, the only real “locomotive” for global and American economic growth, the only “locomotive” that doesn’t turn out to be a “bubble” is the alleviation of Third World poverty and the promotion of Third World sustainable development.

CONTENTS:

Introduction

●         A Brief, Long-Term History of Globalization

●         Globalization Since 1945

●         Neoliberalism

●         The Third World

●         The American Economy, What Went Wrong Since 1965

●         The Role of The Transnational Corporations

●         Cuts in U.S. Social Entitlements And Globalization

●         Economic Growth And Sustainable Development

●         Anti-Third World Populism in The West

●         Circumventing Anti-Third World Populism, How Not To Do It

●         A Twenty Six Year History of Global “Quick Fixes”

●         Advice for Policy Makers

●         Conclusions

GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

Introduction

This handbook presents a brief geographical and historical overview of the various financial/ political crises, which have been taking place in the world lately. If you’ve been feeling confused by them, the following material might be helpful.

A Brief, Long-Term History of Globalization

“Globalization” is not an entirely new phenomenon. Defined broadly, globalization, for better or worse, is simply the recurrence (this time on a global scale) of a process of political /cultural/economic consolidation, that has occurred many times in the past, on a very large regional scale. (i.e. the sinification of the Chinese subcontinent, the Aryanization of the Indian subcontinent, and the Hellenization of the Near East and the Mediterranean world.) “Globalization” is simply the 500-year period of Europeanization (and later Americanization) of the rest of the world.

European civilization’s five hundred year period of technological progress and geographical expansion has often been called unique, unparalleled in human history, completely different from anything in pre-European or non-European societies. This is not quite true however. Chinese civilization did undergo a similar process some 2000 years earlier, during its so-called “period of warring states” (500-250 B.C.). Competition between the “warring states” led to rapid technological and economic advance. It also led to massive geographical expansion via colonization (because of an outflow of refugees from the wars). Europe’s period of state formation, on the other hand, occurred 2,000 years later than China’s. Europe was thus heir to an additional 2,000 years of global technological and social advance. Because of advances in naval technology, and because of global linkages created by Arab and Mongol conquests, Europe’s expansion took place on a global rather than on a regional scale. Thus, whereas China’s “late start” (its iron age began in 500 B.C.) enabled it to develop a particularly successful and durable form of the “tributary mode”, Europe’s “late start”, 2,000 years later, enabled it to transcend the “tributary mode” altogether, and progress to industrial capitalism.

In other words, “Globalization” is nothing more than the five hundred year period of “Europeanization” (and, more recently, ”Americanization”) that the world has been subject to.

The globalization process was accelerated dramatically during the industrial revolution. By the beginning of this century, it had evolved into a system of global capitalism, linking together armed, mutually hostile industrial states and moribund empires (which were themselves rapidly industrializing even as they disintegrated). The globalization process collapsed temporarily during the catastrophes of the 1914 – 1945 period. It resumed again in 1945, under American hegemony, and was again dramatically accelerated by the post-war “technological revolution” (computers, transistors, containerization, the “green revolution”, communications satellites and the integrated circuit).

Globalization Since 1945

Contemporary critics of globalization usually do not begin with a 500-year history of the West’s rise to global dominance. Wolfgang Sachs, for example, (The Dictionary of Sustainable Development, Zed Books, 1992) concentrates his attention on the consequences of the ideology of “developmentalism” promulgated by Truman in the 1940’s and adopted by the Third World elites. David C. Korten, on the other hand, (When Corporations Rule The World, Kumarian Publishers, 1995) discusses the derangements brought about by the last twenty years of globalization.

Neoliberalism

When most people use the term “globalization”, they really mean “neoliberalism”. Neoliberalism (or “globalization” if you will) has attracted widespread criticism in recent years from such diverse sources as Pope John Paul, Ralph Nader, and (believe it or not) financier George Soros. The thrust of this criticism is that neoliberalism puts all of global society and all of global ecology onto a roulette wheel known as the “global capital markets”, and spins this roulette wheel, with God knows what consequences to the human future.

However, the point here is not to criticize neoliberalism, whose failings by now should be apparent to everyone, but rather to describe what it is, how it came about, and how it is likely to change.

First of all, the “liberalism” in neoliberalism does not mean “New Deal/Great Society” liberalism. It means “19th century British liberalism”; the policy of laissez-faire economics within nations, and the free, unfettered flow of commodities and capital between nations. “Neo”-”liberalism”, thus, means the late 20th century version of 19th century British liberalism; the privatization of the economies within nations, and the free, unfettered flow of commodities and capital between nations. Neoliberalism is usually portrayed as an inevitable consequence of changes in communications technology, the inevitable yielding of governments to the unstoppable “global marketplace”. Neoliberalism, however, is actually a global political construct, whose purpose was to regulate the process of globalization to (short term) U.S. advantage. It has far more to do with the U.S. political process, than with some Svengali-like takeover of national governments by multinational corporations.

Here is how it came about. At the 1979 economic summit in Belgrade, an elaborate scheme of Western/OPEC financial coordination was worked out to end global inflation and refinance Third World debt, without at the same time, collapsing global economic demand. Although this scheme involved a certain loss of US financial hegemony, it was reluctantly accepted by the Carter administration in the summer of 1980. There was much discussion of this plan in the mainstream business press. For example, a New York Times article (June 23, 1980) discussed how European heads of state voiced support for Western/OPEC cooperation to address world economic problems and in light of that, also for a timely resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian crisis. By the end of 1980, however, this scheme was increasingly thrown into doubt by the outbreak of the Iraq/Iran war. In 1982, it was finished off entirely by Israel’s invasion of Lebanon.

After two years of blundering, the Reagan administration patched together an alternative to Western/OPEC financial coordination. Interest rates were kept very high, but were no longer increasing exponentially. A massive tax cut was accompanied by a massive increase in military spending, keeping U.S. consumer demand high. The American market was thrown open to all comers. In addition, foreign exporters were given a competitive advantage by the high dollar.

America, thus, became the world’s “lender and importer of last resort”. Third World debt continued to grow, but was increasingly being dwarfed by U.S. debt. In essence, Reagan “bribed” large parts of the American middle class and large parts of the Third World bourgeoisie, and did so “on tick” (by borrowing from countries with trade surpluses). In this way, he established a sort of “global consensus” for his policies.

The Reagan administration set to work on a long term approach to North/South economic relations, an approach that was later to become known as “neoliberalism”, or the “NAFTA/GATT” approach to North/South economic relations. Under neoliberalism, the rich countries agree to open their markets to labor intensive Third World manufactured exports, in return for which Third World countries agree to remove restrictions on private outside capital placements. Markets are also opened for high-tech products and services. (The winners the U.S., the losers potentially everyone else ).

Neoliberalism was conceived by the Reagan administration, pushed forward by the Bush administration, and brought to completion by the Clinton administration, by the passage of NAFTA and then the Uruguay Round of GATT. Neither Reagan nor Bush were terribly anxious to talk about neoliberalism while it was still a “work in progress”. Reagan relied heavily on theatrics and distractions (i.e. blowing out of proportion issues such as abortion and church-state relations). Bush, on the other hand, relied on secrecy (the stealth presidency) and later on military triumphalism (the Gulf War and the glorification of the U.S. army). It was left to Clinton, to openly and directly adopt neoliberalism as one the leading policies of his administration.

Was it the Reagan administration then that established the atmosphere of “free market fundamentalism”, that so pervades (and obstructs) discussion of global economic and social problems? The answer is “not entirely”. Part of this atmosphere was created by the collapse of the Communist block in the early 90’s. For example, in 1985, Grosvenor International Publishers, published a three volume set of books on North/South commercial relations called Third World Development “edited” by Ronald Reagan. In it, several members of the Reagan cabinet wrote articles stressing the importance of agrarian reform. In 1991, in contrast, the World Bank Development Report devoted one sentence to agrarian reform, saying that it might be helpful to economic development in some instances.

The Third World

The Third World today is a different universe from the Third World in 1950. Most of the increase in human population has occurred since 1950, and most of that in the Third World.

In addition:

“From 1950 to 1985, the overall GDP of the Third World has increased some six times and per capital GDP 2.5 times..It’s industrial output is now 11 times higher than in 1950…Annual real gross capital formation is now 15 times higher. …Enrollment in higher education has risen nearly 25 fold. …Infant mortality rates fell from 200 per thousand to between 30 and 70… Life expectancy rose from below 40 years to about 65…The share of agricultural output in GDP has fallen from about 1/3 to 1/6 and the share of industry has risen from about 1/6 to 1/3. …Annual rates of the growth in the Third World sustained from 1950…were 5.5. percent for GDP, 7.5 percent for industrial output, 8.4 percent for capital formation and 10 percent for third level education.” (From Technological Transformation in The Third World, by Surendra J. Patel, Avebury Press, 1991).

In fact, the Third World is where post-1950 world history was made, the de-colonization, the demographic explosion, the violent Western crusade against “Red revolution”, including death squads, napalm, cluster bombs, the mass deaths and upheavals, the military capitalist defeats and the overwhelming technological, economic and cultural capitalist triumphs (the green revolution, the spread of “neoliberal” democratization and privatizations)

What about the changes in the “first” world since 1950? Well, the advances in basic science, particularly in biology and astronomy have been spectacular, unimaginable even in the science fiction of 1950. And yet none of these advances has had the growth inducing impact of a steam engine, an internal combustion engine, electricity, etc. The really significant commercial technological advances in the post war era have been the digital computer (1944), the transistor (1948) and the integrated circuit (1971). In the financial and service sectors of the economy these technologies have indeed produced economic growth (just ask Newt Gingrich). However, their primary impact has been to facilitate the spread of industrialism from the first to the Third World by means of better communication and the use of robotization in the “de-skilling” of industrial production. They have been technologies of “globalization” rather than technologies of post-war “American dream” style economic growth.

So we are now in a position to state the basic problem afflicting the American economy. The problem, in short, is, despite the spectacular advances in basic science and digital technology, the growth inducing technologies that propelled America’s “Golden Age” post-war growth have played themselves out (and have, in many cases, been too environmentally destructive). This (and not some nefarious alliance between “first” world plutocrats and “Third World elites”) is the problem, a problem which began in 1965…..

America’s Economic Problems, What Went Wrong Since 1965

In his article, “Soviet Economic Growth: 1928 – 1985″, in The Journal of Economic Literature, (Vol XXV, 1987) the economist Gur Ofer made a very interesting series of observations. From 1945 to 1965, both the Western and Soviet economies grew rapidly. In fact, prior to 1965, the Soviet economy outperformed the Western countries (and was looked upon by many Third World countries as the model to follow). Clearly, 1965 was a pivotal year both for the West and the Soviet Union. It was the year in which both blocs began to experience a “crisis of stagnation”. Could it be, asked Prof. Ofer, that some common factor was operating both in the West and in the Soviet Union, something that had nothing to do with capitalism, nothing to do with socialism, and nothing to do with globalization? In his article “What We Can Learn From The Soviet Collapse”, in Finance and Development (IMF, November, 1995) , the economist Stanley Fischer offered a guess. He postulated that, by the mid-sixties, the growth inducing technologies that been developed prior to and during World War II (automobilization, capital intensive agriculture, petrochemicals, civilian air transport, etc.) had partially played themselves out both in the West and in the Soviet Union. Prior to 1965, the Soviet Union grew more rapidly than the West because it had a greater number of primitive areas in its economy to which it could apply the range of technologies mentioned above. After 1965, on the other hand, the West grew more rapidly,. because it had a greater range of growth inducing technologies (particularly in the areas of digitalization, computerization and communication), and also because it had more commercial links to the developing countries, which were beginning to reap the effects of the green revolution, containerization and robotization (which allowed “industrialization without infrastructure”). This growth, while environmentally destructive and detrimental to many of the world’s poor, nonetheless stimulated Western economic growth, and made the Western “crisis of stagnation” much less severe than it otherwise would have been. Thus, while the West went on to slower growth (very unevenly distributed across sectors), greater income inequality, and all the headaches of globalization, the Soviet Union went on to complete economic collapse.

To explain the above in more detail, let us examine the standard theory of economic growth devised by Robert Solow in 1954. (See Growth Theory, An Exposition, by Robert Solow, Oxford University Press, 1969). According to this theory of growth (barring a massive population increase in the developed world), there are two sources of economic growth: (1) The spread of investment capital to areas of the world which don’t have it (globalization), (2) Technological innovations which allow the same amount of capital and labor to produce more output and a rising standard of living (“the American Dream”). It is the second type of economic growth which burgeoned from 1945 to 1965, and the first type which has become more and more prevalent since then. However, and this is a very important point, (2) did not slow down because (1) speeded up. In fact, (2) slowed down less than it would have, had (1) not speeded up.

Looking toward the future, there is always the possibility, of course, that some radically new technology will materialize which could produce rapid economic growth and a rising standard of living in the West, even in the absence of a massive population growth in the West. Everybody could see, for example, how “cold fusion” in 1989 could have achieved such a result. (This is why so many Americans wanted to believe it, and why it was accepted by so many people on the flimsiest of evidence). Barring such a development, however, what is “on the agenda” for the world economy is the spread of industrialization from the developed world to the underdeveloped world. Such a spread is not the cause of America’s problems. It is, if properly managed, the only solution to them.

In other words, given that the world economy is shifting from a phase of Western-led growth to a phase of Third World-led growth, the solution to America’s economic problems is the promotion of environmentally friendly, sustainable growth in the Third World, which, in turn, will generate widespread, long-term growth and employment in the West, which, in turn, will provide the tax base to solve America’s budget and social problems. Make no mistake about it, the growth patterns which have taken place in the Third World recently, environmentally destructive, unsustainable, inequitable and misguided as they have been, have, nonetheless, produced seven years of non-inflationary growth in the U.S., a growth which benefitted the vast majority of Americans (however unequally) Conversely, looking toward the future, if the Third World economies were to go into a deep, protracted slump, they would inevitably drag down the U.S. economy with them.

The Third World economist, Samir Amin, in his 1989 book, Maldevelopment, A Study of A Global Failure, Zed Press, gives the solution to this dilemma.

“For more than 15 years the world economic system has been in an enduring structural crisis. This is a world crisis marked by the collapse of growth in productive investment, a notable fall in profitability (very unequally distributed in sectors and companies) and persistent disorder in international relations…. The current crisis is therefore most apparent in the field of world relations. North/South relations and the conflicts around them constitute the central axis of the current crisis…… In..circumstances (such as the 1930’s) the Keynesian policies of redistribution of income might have been a solution to the crisis. By contrast, (the present crisis) comes after a long period of full employment, the rule of the welfare state, etc. Today’s deficient demand is essentially deficient demand in the periphery ……. In other words, only a redistribution at the international level in favor of the South would permit a fresh start for the world. The obvious question is ‘under whose aegis’ will …this be carried out?”

The recent NAFTA and GATT agreements answer this question. Under the aegis of private capital and under the aegis of the United States and its “instruments”, the IMF and the World Bank. (Wrong answer!) The NAFTA/GATT approach to global development is known as “neoliberalism”.

To over simplify enormously, the rationale behind the neoliberal model of development is as follows: the scale of economic production has grown so large that it has transcended national boundaries, it has even transcended the boundaries of large countries such as the United States and Japan. To subject such an economy to national restrictions on the flow of commodities and capital is like trying to raise cattle in one’s living room. There’s not enough room. Therefore, countries should not restrict the flow of commodities and capital across their borders. Moreover, if nations agree to reduce interference with the flow of commodity and capital to a minimum, capital will flow from capital surplus countries to capital deficient countries in the same way that water flows from a higher level to a lower level, and economic development will spread across the globe. Samir Amin has called this approach to global development “reactionary utopianism”.

This “reactionary utopianism” came into being partly as a result of the last 25 years of deliberate U.S. government policy, partly as a result as a result of the collapse of the socialist bloc, partly as a result of changes in technology, and partly as a result of the horrors of Cambodia’s and North Korea’s attempt to promote total economic self-sufficiency

The Role of The Transnational Corporations.

It has become the conventional wisdom among many environmentalists that there has been some takeover of Western national governments by multinationals following the dictates of the World Trade Organization. In fact, many of the top executives of multinationals are far more progressive in their personal views than are national politicians, and far more aware of the difficulties in basing everything on free markets and private capital placements.

The 1996 cuts in U.S. social entitlements and global economics

MIT economist Paul Krugman points out that “economic globalization” (neoliberalism) does not require the U.S. to cut the social safety net, in order to remain competitive internationally. It is important to stress this point. Yet, the cutbacks in social entitlements such as Medicaid and welfare are not entirely unrelated to neoliberalism. Here is what happened. After the passage of NAFTA, in 1993, Mexico with U.S. connivance, kept the Peso artificially high to suck in U.S. exports and to enable Clinton to show how beneficial NAFTA-type agreements were to the U.S. trade deficit. After GATT was passed, Mexico attempted to lower the Peso, a policy which started a massive flight of capital from Mexico. The Clinton administration responded with an emergency bailout in early 1995. At this point, global investors became aware that much of the world’s economy had become “dollarized”, that many of the private capital placements were being made in dollars. There was a perception that the Federal Reserve could not possibly act to reduce the supply of dollars in global circulation (in order to raise the value of the dollar relative to the yen), without, at the same time, risking a massive capital flight from the Third World. Thus, there was a “flight from the dollar” into the Japanese yen. The dollar dropped precipitously. Such a drop did not hurt the U.S. economy, because a large part of the Fed’s huge output of dollars was being used to finance Third World manufacturing capacity, which, in turn, was flooding the U.S. market with cheap products and keeping inflation in check.

Meanwhile, the low dollar was benefitting U.S. exports. Japan, on the other hand, was being pushed to the brink of a financial “meltdown”. Japan had trillions of dollars in outstanding yen debt. The drop in the dollar was increasing the “real value” of Japan’s debt daily and pushing Japan into a deflation. The U.S. obviously could not let the Japanese financial system go into a tailspin. The dollar had to be brought up, but not by monetary tightening. The only way to accomplish this was by implementing Republican-style budget cuts, but avoiding Republican style tax cuts. Clinton simply had to reach budget agreements with the Republicans in Congress, many of whom were determined to “wage class warfare from the top down”, and many of whom were simply ignorant about global financial problems, and, thus, in a far better position to “play chicken”. The upshot? Republicans lost their massive tax cuts, but got their welfare cuts. Clinton, whatever his feelings on entitlements and welfare, simply had no choice. A different Congress would have reached a different resolution to the budget crisis, globalization or no globalization. Thus, globalization is not an excuse for supporters of the social safety net to “throw in the towel”.

Four fifths of the world’s population lives in the Third World. Thus, sustainable (ecological) economic growth to address basic and mounting social needs simply cannot be avoided. It is imperative to develop a global alternative to neoliberalism. In a paper presented at the alternative summit “T.O.E.S. 1990,” we outlined some elements of this alternative. Working alternatives at the local level are very good, but some discussion must be devoted to how well these alternatives will “scale up”.

Economic growth is simply an increase in the volume and/ or size of economic transactions, as measured in monetary terms adjusted for inflation. There are billions of people in the world. Their educational and psychological problems cannot be addressed without first addressing their basic material needs (i.e. access to clean water, health care, adequate diet, shelter, etc.). Neoliberalism is only a stop-gap measure to the recent dilemmas of the world economic system — primarily Third World debt which in the 1980’s threatened the world financial system, and the lack of growth in Western capitalist countries). However, many corporate leaders, World Bank officials and the U.S. administrations, from Reagan to Clinton, know that it ultimately cannot work as a long-term global development strategy..

On the other hand, the no-growth” perspective of environmentalists will only continue to marginalize and isolate them from public economic debates, preventing them from addressing social issues such as “corporate downsizing” and “unemployment” — the results of economic stagnation in the U.S. and other advanced industrialized nations. Addressing the material and social needs of people North and South is inevitably going to involve an i ncrease in the number and/ or size of economic transactions, i.e. economic growth. Thus, “steady state economics” is a term borrowed from natural systems, and doesn’t, in our opinion, really apply to human historical and social development.

Economic Growth and Sustainable Development

The definition of “sustainable development”, by its very nature, has to be open-ended. The current mode of global economic growth (neoliberalism) shows us what sustainable development is not. Neoliberalism has clearly led to the rapid growth in industrial capacity and the rapid expansions of the middle class populations in many parts of the Third World, particularly in Asia. It has led to a considerable amount of environmental investment, albeit of the “clean up after the fact’ nature, in many parts of the Third World. However, it is still “economic growth for the hundreds of millions”, whereas the world’s population numbers in the billions. Environmentally and economically sustainable development requires a basic change in production methods and not simply “cleaning up after the fact.”

Several things, in our view, can be said about sustainable development. First of all, it has to involve the material betterment of the majority of the world’s population, not simply a numerically large minority. It has to involve non-market means to eliminate global poverty directly and not simply “global trickle down economics” . It has to involve production technologies which are themselves nonpolluting and not simply clean-up after the fact. It has to involve, reforestation, non-polluting solar energy, environmentally viable modernization of subsistence agriculture, rural and urban land reform, and large scale recycling of effluent and waste products. In our opinion, it will turn out to be most economically viable, precisely in those areas of the world that are now the least developed and, thus, not locked into the infrastructures of non-sustainable development. It will have to involve non-private global monetary/fiscal institutions which are accountable and globally democratic.

Anti-Third World Populist Hostility in The West

The problems of global development will not be resolved simply by having rich countries impose environmental, social and human rights conditions on the exports of poor countries. There is simply too much populist anti-Third World hostility in the rich countries. Many Americans, in particular, see the populations of the Third World as a mass of starving wretches who want to “take what we have”, either by violence, such as terrorism, or by unfair, predatory trade practices. To take an example, in early 1993, the historian Paul Kennedy published a book entitled Preparing for the 21th Century. The major premise of the book was that if the West did not help the Third World achieve sustainable development, the West itself would be overwhelmed by the Third World’s problems. In response to this appeal, Robert Kaplan wrote an article in the Atlantic Monthly entitled “The Coming Anarchy”, in which he predicted the social, economic and environmental collapse of the Third World, but asserted that the West could protect itself from this collapse by adopting the “fortress strategy” suggested by the right-wing Israeli military analyst, Martin Van Creveldt. .

Unfortunately, Mr. Kaplan’s scenarios of collapse and chaos in large parts of the non-Western world cannot entirely be ruled out. However, his predictions that such catastrophes will not endanger the West are, not only crazy, but actually dangerous. Why? Because there are all too many Americans who, equally threatened by Third World poverty and Third World prosperity (non-whites with money), would love to see the entire Third World collapse into Rwandan-style chaos. Mr. Kaplan ( like the American isolationists in the 30’s) assures them that they will not be personally endangered by such a catastrophe…

Therefore, decisions which put environmental, human and labor rights into trade agreements cannot possibly be left to the dictates of the populations of the developed world. International, democratic, and globally democratic, economic and financial institutions are an absolute necessity to any rational discussion of human rights, labor rights, social rights, environmental issues and economic justice

Misguided Attempts to Circumvent Anti-Third World Populism.

Early in 1983, Reagan’s secretary of agriculture, Bill Brock, said, “There’s a lot of Third World out there, and we are just beginning to discover how important it is to our own well being.” The Reagan administration, while it agreed privately with this insight, was not terribly anxious to share it with the American public, ( which was still in a Third World bashing mood after the oil price hikes and Iranian hostage taking of the late 70’s.)

During the Reagan and Bush period, therefore, Americans were given the impression that, aside from oil, the developing world was sort of “marginal” to American well being. It was assumed that the “rich man’s club” (America, Europe and Japan) was the global “engine of growth”, which could, in turn, “pull up” the non-Western world. The non-Western world, for its part, had to “behave itself”, open its markets, privatize its economy, welcome Western capital investments, tone down its “Third World rhetoric” and make nice with Israel. And, if it didn’t, well then, who cared, “we” didn’t need “them” anyway.

In 1990, however (fearful of competition from a newly capitalist Eastern-bloc), the Third World began to “behave itself”. At that point, the official American line on the Third World, did a complete about-face. The Third World went from being a “problem”, a “mess”, a “threat”, a “side issue”, to being “the future”, to being an unstoppable locomotive of economic growth that the U.S. had to board or be left behind. Clinton “talked up” Third World growth and played down problems and barriers to Third World development. An officially sanctioned “love affair” began between international capital and large sectors of the developing world, a love affair between the strong and the weak, fraught with anxiety and abuse. As an Argentinian director of tourism, Hector Sabato, put it. “The old theme of the invading Yankees gave way to the wonderful Yankees driving the global train that you’d better board immediately or your finished.” (NYT 2/7/98). Or as William Greider (author of One World Ready or Not) put it, even many of the exploited in the developing world were “seduced’ by the “faustian bargain” of capitalist development through globalization.

In any case, the “child” of this love affair is the current international political and economic crisis, in which much of the world economy is turned into a giant “global distress sale”, the proceeds of which go to finance America’s own rapid economic growth.

A Twenty Six Year History of Global “Quick Fixes”

To review the above history in more detail, American global economic policy from 1982 to the present can be divided into three periods; (1) a period of debt-led growth from 1982 to 1985, in which the U.S. deliberately ran large trade and budget deficits in order to stabilize the world economy by becoming what David Hale of Kemper Financial Services called “a consumer and borrower of last resort”; (2) a period from 1985 to 1990, in which the U.S. pressured other industrialized countries to liberalize their financial systems and stimulate their economies in order to help the U.S. work off the trade deficit caused by the first period above. This period ended with a Japanese financial collapse and a deep European recession. (3)The period from 1991 characterized by the US promotion of the neoliberal model of growth in which the developing world underwent a rapid process of financial liberalization and economic privatization, attracting large amounts of private capital, enabling it to become a growing market for American exports even as it kept American inflation down by low-wage exports to the American economy. This period produced seven years of non-inflationary growth for the US economy which allowed it to work down its trade and budget deficits (at everyone else’s expense).

More precisely, from 1985 to the present, the US has been imposing a series of unsustainable economic and financial bubbles on various regions of the world successively (first Japan and Europe, then Asia, then Latin America, then China, etc.) in order to satisfy its insatiable demand for exports. Countries and regions have been overwhelmed by floods of outside capital, which they had neither the social nor economic institutions to deal with. A more viable policy would be the promotion of economic growth in more areas of the world simultaneously, but at a slower and more sustainable pace. Africa and the Arab world should not be written off as “basket cases” to be left to the dictates of a fickle global financial market.

As of this writing, policy makers are urging Japan to become the “locomotive” for Asia. Poor people in Asia are being asked to reduce their consumption, even as rich people in Japan are being asked to increase theirs. It seems that we’re back to ”Western-led growth” again. However, the only real “locomotive” for global and American economic growth, the only “locomotive” that doesn’t turn out to be a “bubble” is the alleviation of Third World poverty and the promotion of Third World sustainable development.

Advice to Policy Makers

Therefore, it is extremely important for progressives, such as yourself, whose “heart is in the right place”, to articulate the following points loudly and clearly:

●          Successful Third World development is vital not only to the economic well being, but also to the national security of America;

●          Insertion of environmental, labor and human rights conditions into trade agreements has to be accompanied by direct, massive Western assistance to eliminate global poverty. A transfer of wealth from “Third World elites” to “Third World masses” (however necessary) is, by itself, not going to do the job;

●          Western assistance is a necessity, but is, by no means, sufficient. It also has to be accompanied by Third World reforms at both the national and local levels. Thus, the future well being of the Western populations is not entirely in the hands of the West;

●          The “right to development and subsistence” is also a basic human right, in addition to the rights of free speech, gender equality, etc.;

Conclusions

An American egalitarianism, which stops at the water’s edge, is as meaningless as it is regressive. Statements such as “we must solve our problems, before we solve their problems”, or “we must solve problems here, before solving them there” are childish nonsense. In today’s world, everyone is “we”, and everywhere is ‘here”.

The belief that “de-globalization” and return to “national economies” will solve our economic problems, and be “good for the Third World too”, is pious wishful thinking.

Here are some of the arguments supporting this “pious wishful thinking”: The nearer production decisions are made to local communities, the more the needs of local consumers, workers and natural environment are taken into account. Decisions taken by investors in distant capitals cannot possibly serve the needs of the people in local communities.. Local production and investment mean local accountability, “local capital is good, global capital is bad” and, so on and so forth.

The problem with these arguments is this: It would take the power of a “global government” to turn “global capital” into “local capital”. Why? Because cross border flows of capital and goods would have to be continuously and minutely monitored and suppressed, and such activities could only be carried out by a global government .

Now, observe how difficult it is to do such things with illegal drugs and illegal drug capital. Imagine how difficult it would be to do them with all goods and all capital. It would take the powers of an immensely powerful world government. Peoples lives would no longer be determined by distant global corporations, but by distant global bureaucracies, and the problems of globalization would remain. And if global capital were to be abolished by a massive breakdown in the global capitalist system, as in the 1914-1945 period, well then look at what happened in the 1914 – 1945 period, and imagine what would happen now.

All too much of the debate about trade policy on the part of liberals and labor seems to reflect a desire to “make the rest of the world go away”. However, the problems of the rest of the world have to be solved, if America’s problems are to be solved, and this is going to require (among other things) global markets, global business, and (yes) global regulation and governance (including global fiscal stimulus and global North-South redistribution). To be sure, global solutions risk global screw-ups, markets can crash, markets can breach global environmental limits, markets are unfair. Governments, on the other hand, can oppress, they can ossify, they can make mistakes (and global governments can make them on a global scale), they can become ineffectual, they lack “feed back” mechanisms, and so on.

But the fact is that human beings, who are, after all, not social insects and thus have no instinct for collective organization, have nonetheless organized themselves into ever more complex, and ever more populous societies, at an ever increasing rate. The nature of this organization, the way it takes place, is very complicated, very convoluted, and ultimately very mysterious. It is certainly not any of that “elaborate, self-adaptive complexity arising from simple market laws” nonsense you might read about in some business magazine or other. It is, in fact, the central dilemma of human existence, a dilemma which is not about to go away now. And the world’s problems, if they are solved at all, are not going to be solved by making them out to be simpler than they are.

It is imperative that progressives and labor frame global alternatives to neoliberalism, global alternatives which stress the needs of the world’s poor. Otherwise, when neoliberalism really gets into trouble, as it will, the field will be left open to right wing extremists of all types; paramilitary groups, white separatists, right wing religious zealots, neo-fascists, hate-mongers like David Duke and chaos-mongers like Robert Kaplan. At that point, the stability of the United States itself might be thrown into question.

It might seem paradoxical that those Americans who are themselves struggling to make a living should be called upon to advance the cause of global North-South equity, sustainable development, and global poverty alleviation. But if they don’t do it, then who will? Rich business executives? Academics with cushy tenured positions? Employees of prestigious well-heeled foundations? Such people, no matter how knowledgeable they are, are too comfortable and complacent to understand the main problem with the world economy (global poverty). People on top can rarely diagnose adequately the flaws of a system which put them on top. As economist Albert Fishlow says, “the old rules (of the global capitalist system) don’t work and the new ones haven’t been written yet.” (New York Times, 1/15/98). It’s up to progressives in all countries to write those rules after the ball is taken away from the blind and destructive neoliberals and neoconservatives.. .

L. Feiner and R. Melson

NOTES

MORE:

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: WORLD ECONOMY BIG PREDICTION BOOK ...

Feb 7, 2008 … CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP.

BOOK: ‘World Economy/Big Prediction’.

(Kappa Publishing. Kobunsha, Tokyo, from 1984)

cambridgeforecast.wordpress.com/2008/02/07/cambridge-forecast-group-book-world-economy/

INTERNATIONAL CREDIT RATING

November 7, 2009 at 2:21 pm | In Economics, Financial, Research, Third World | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

Capital Intelligence

Capital Intelligence (CI) the leading international

Credit Rating Agency

Capital Intelligence (CI)

PO Box 53585 CY 3303 Limassol Cyprus

Tel: 357 2534 2300

Fax: 357 2534 3739 / 2581 7750

E-mail: marketing@ciratings.com

http://www.ciratings.com/

Capital Intelligence (CI) has been providing credit analysis and ratings since 1985, and now rates over 400 Banks, Corporates and Financial Instruments (Bonds & Sukuk) in 39 countries. A specialist in emerging markets, CI’s geographical coverage includes the Middle East, the wider Mediterranean region, Central and Eastern Europe, South Asia, South-East Asia, the Far East, and North and South Africa.

Pree release:

3 November 2009 The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited Ratings Affirmed Hong Kong

Capital Intelligence (CI)

banknotes.jpg

“BETWEEN TWO WORLDS”: UPTON SINCLAIR’S NOVEL FROM 1941 AND THE FINANCIAL MELTDOWN OF OCTOBER 1929

November 7, 2009 at 7:22 am | In Art, Books, Economics, Financial, History, Literary | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

worlds.jpg

between.jpg

Between Two Worlds (Upton Sinclair)

Upton Sinclair, Jr.

(September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968)

Between Two Worlds is the second novel in Upton Sinclair’s Lanny Budd series. First published in 1941, the story covers the period from 1919 to 1929.

In this volume Lanny marries an heiress, Irma, and has a daughter. His father leaves the family armament industry and begins an aircraft company.

In the climax at the end Lanny covers his father’s stock market margin call on Black Thursday, Oct 24th 1929, then insists that his father sell all his stocks the next market day, thus escaping the carnage of Black Tuesday. His efforts to save his wife’s wealth were not quite as successful, and her uncle is wiped out.

For those who follow the World’s End series, this book needs little introduction. It begins the second novel of Sinclair’s magnum opus (9000 pages, give or take), starting at the end of the Paris Peace Conference and following the hero through the next 4 years. Lanny takes a lover, and Beauty stays with hers. We are witness to Europe’s postwar economic woes, the rise of Italian fascism, and its conflict with the worker’s movement, the book ending in the death of the liberal Matteotti, despite Lanny’s attempt to save him.

The hero becomes an art dealer, while his father trades the arms industry for oil. Although the prose will seem stilted to the modern reader, the characters are compelling and one who is looking for a historical novel of the 20th century can do no better. Romantic fluff for sure, but the dramatic backdrop of Europe in the 20’s makes it worthwhile. Certainly start with the first in the series (World’s End) if you are new to the work, as the author does not waste the reader’s time with a synopsis of the previous plot. Upton Sinclair has endured as the author of The Jungle, but the Lanny Budd novels were enormously popular in their time, and earned him a Pulitzer.

Product Details:

  • Paperback: 452 pages
  • Publisher: Simon Publications
  • July 2001
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 1931313024
  • ISBN-13: 978-1931313025

The Lanny Budd series

World’s End

Between 1940 and 1953, Sinclair wrote the World’s End series of 11 novels about Lanny Budd, the “red” son of an American arms manufacturer who was a socialite, an art expert and an acquaintance of Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler.

The series covers in sequence much of the political history of the Western world (particularly Europe and America) in the first half of the twentieth century. Almost totally forgotten today, the novels were all bestsellers upon publication and were published in 21 countries. The third book in the series, Dragon’s Teeth, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1943.

Long out of print, the series has recently been re-issued by Simon Publications. For technical reasons, each original volume is issued in two parts, forming a 22-volume set. The series was originally published by Viking Press in New York and T. Werner Laurie in London.

Upton Sinclair Works:

Between Two Worlds (Upton Sinclair)

banknotes.jpg

BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS BIS REVIEW NO. 136: RESPONSES TO THE CRISIS

November 6, 2009 at 7:31 pm | In Economics, Financial, Globalization, Research | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

BIS Review

Bank for International Settlements

BIS Review No 136 available

Press, Service (press@bis.org)

Publications, Service (Publications@bis.org)

Fri 11/06/09

Please find BIS Review No 136 attached as an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file. Alternatively, you can access this BIS Review on the Bank for International Settlements’ website by clicking on http://www.bis.org/review/index.htm.

What’s included?

BIS Review No 136 (6 November 2009)

Axel A Weber: Institutional responses to the crisis and thoughts on regulatory issues

European Central Bank: Press conference – introductory statement

Már Guðmundsson: Rebuilding after the financial crisis

Sada Reddy: Liquidity risk in banking organisations

Budi Mulya: Managing risk in the new landscape

please e-mail press@bis.org.

BIS Review

Bank for International Settlements

BIS Review No 136 available

http://www.bis.org/review/index.htm

Press, Service (press@bis.org)

Publications, Service (Publications@bis.org)

Fri 11/06/09

banknotes.jpg

OTTOMAN FINANCE: “GOLD FOR THE SULTAN” BOOK

November 5, 2009 at 9:24 pm | In Books, Economics, Financial, History, Middle East, Military, World-system | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

sultanbook.jpg

Gold for The Sultan

- Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance 1856-81

AUTHOR: Christopher Clay

ISBN: 9781860644764

PUBLICATION DATE: 12 Jan 2001

The collapse of the Imperial Ottoman Bank (BIO) in 1875 was a pivotal event in Ottoman history.

It had vast political and international relations consequences; it finished any attempt at modernizing the administration of the Ottoman Empire, it made the Porte impotent in the Balkan wars of 1877-8 and 1912-13 and thus contributed to partition of the Balkan territories and set the scene for World War I. This was a huge event in the continuing saga of the decline of the “sick man of Europe” and the Eastern question. Based on Turkish, British and French sources, this text is a technical economic history within a political international/diplomatic history framework. It covers the reasons for Ottoman bankruptcy, military expenditure and lack of financial control, and the role of foreign bankers including the question of “exploitative financial imperialism”.

Imperial Ottoman Bank (BIO)

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Part 1 Introduction: Western bankers and Ottoman finance – the problem to be investigated. Part 2 The national bank concession (1856-63): Ottoman finances before the Crimean War and the first bank projects; the first phase of the battle for the “national” concession; the second phase of the battle for the “national” concession; the crisis of Ottoman finance; Fuat Pasha and the founding of the BIO; the BIO – functions and organization. Part 3 The bank, government and the conversion of the internal debt (1863-65): the BIO and the loan of 1863-64; the emergence of rivals to the BIO; the challenge of the general credit and finance company; the conversion of the internal debt and the loan of December 1865. Part 4 Ottoman government borrowing at flood-tide (1866-73) – part 1: the BIO and the government, 1866-69 – years of crisis and conflict; the “emprunt pinard” of 1869 and the Constantinople financial crisis of 1870; “entr’acte” – the loans of 1871 and 1872. Part 5 Ottoman government borrowing at flood-tide (1866-73) – part 2: financial rivalries and alliances on the shores of the Golden Horn; Ottoman railway finance – the lottery loan of 1870-72; boom-time in Constantinople, 1872-73; the climax of Ottoman government borrowing – the loans of 1873. Part 6 On the edge of insolvency (1874-75): the origins of the new banking concession; the enlargement of the BIO; the winning of the “rade” and the LS 40 million loan; the ratification of the bank’s new convention; the BIO and the supervision of the government’s finances. Part 7 The bankruptcy of the state (1875-76): the collapse of the government’s finances; the bankruptcy of October 1875; the Hamond and Scouloudi projects. Part 8 Ottoman finance in wartime (1876-78): revolution and paper money; the depreciation of the “kaime”; other aspects of wartime finance; the tribute bondholders and the defence loan of 1877. Part 9 The search for solvency (1878-79): the financial situation of the government in the post-war years; new advances and “compensations”; the dishonouring of the “kaime”; the de Tocqueville scheme; the bank scheme and its successors. Part 10 The bankers’ convention (1879-80): development projects and administrative reform; the making of the bankers’ convention; the survival of the convention. Part 11 Towards a resolution (1880-81): the bank and the bondholders; the Baltazzi tobacco “regie” scheme. Part 12 The debt settlement and the origins of the public debt administration (1881 and after): the Constantinople negotiations – the delegates and the government; the Constantinople negotiations – the delegates and the convention syndicate; the Constantinople negotiations -between the delegates themselves; the decree of Muharren; conclusion – the BIO and the survival of the Ottoman state.

Imperial Ottoman Bank (BIO)

The Ottoman Public Debt

Administration (OPDA)

The Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA), established 1881, was a European-controlled organization set up to collect the payments that the Ottoman Empire owed to companies in Europe, Ottoman public debt. The OPDA became a vast, essentially independent bureaucracy within the Ottoman bureaucracy, run by the creditors. It employed 5,000 officials who collected taxes that were then turned over to the European creditors[1].

The OPDA played an important role in Ottoman financial affairs. Also it was an intermediary with European companies seeking investment opportunities in the Ottoman Empire. In 1900, OPDA was financing many railways and many other industrial artifacts. The non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire were protected with the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire.

References

  1. Donald Quataert, “The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922″ published 2000

Abdulhamid reduced expenditures of the palace and bureaucracies. When he became sultan, about eighty percent of state revenues went to pay the interest on the national debt. On December 20, 1881 he issued an imperial decree legalizing the restructured debt of the empire that was reduced and consolidated at £106,000,000 so that only about twenty percent of the current state budget went for the debt obligation.

The Ottoman Public Debt Administration (PDA)

The Ottoman Public Debt Administration (PDA) was made up of British, Dutch, French, Italian, German, Austrian, and Ottoman bondholders. The PDA collected taxes that included salt and tobacco monopolies and revenues from Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, and Cyprus. They also controlled gas, electricity, and water. They supervised the construction of railways in Turkey and helped the economy prosper with European commerce. By 1888 Istanbul was connected by railway to Vienna. The French exploited the coal mines of Zonguldak on the coast of the Black Sea.

The telegraph was developed throughout the Ottoman empire and gave the Sultan more direct control over his officials. Excessive spying and censorship made the empire a police state.

On May 2, 1876 Bulgarians in Serbia rose up in the Balkan Mountains near Filibe, where an Ottoman garrison could do little. The governor used volunteer militias to help regular troops defend the Muslim villages. The English press reported how the Muslims massacred thousands of Bulgarian Christians without mentioning that even more Muslims were killed.

William Gladstone published a best-selling pamphlet “Bulgarian Horrors” to use this against his political rival, Benjamin Disraeli, who thus became unable to defend the Ottomans.

Meanwhile Prince Milan of Serbia made an alliance with Montenegro on May 26 and went to war against the Ottomans four days later. The grand vizier told Milan that the Bulgarian revolts would be suppressed and rights respected. Milan sent Bosnia and Herzegovina an ultimatum, demanding that his Serbian troops occupy Bosnia while giving Herzegovina to Montenegro. The Ottomans refused, and Milan declared war on July 2. King Carol of the United Principalities demanded that his nation be called Rumania and be allowed to have a commissioner in Istanbul. Russian volunteers went to Serbia under General Chernayev, but the Ottomans defeated them at Alexinatz in August.

The cost of this war plus the loss of revenues from Bosnia and Bulgaria along with the refugees made it impossible for the Ottoman empire to pay the interest on its bonds. Mehmet Rüstü suspended payments in July, causing shock waves in European banks. Paper money was printed and quickly depreciated. When men were off fighting, crops were not harvested, causing famine.

Ottoman Empire under Abdulhamid 1876-1908

Young Turks and Armenians 1889-1907

Revolution by Young Turks 1908-11

Ottoman War Losses 1911-15

Armenian Genocide and the War 1915-18

Ottoman and Turkish Split 1919-20

Turkish War of Independence 1920-23

Turkey Republic under Ataturk 1923-38

Turkey Republic under Inonü 1938-50

Halide Edib, Karaosmanoglu, and Güntekin

http://www.san.beck.org/16-2-OttomanFall&Turkey.html

In March 1915 Russian diplomats persuaded the French ambassador and the English cabinet that Russia should possess the straits and Istanbul after the war. The English and French discussed what they wanted, and in April the Italians negotiated the region next to Antalya as their portion of the Ottoman empire. After the Russian capture of Erzurum on February 16, 1916 more than a million Muslims were killed as they fled with the Ottoman forces toward Erzincan. The Russians took Trabzon in April and Erzincan in July.

Negotiations between Mark Sykes and Georges Picot led to a secret agreement on May 16, 1916 to divide up the Asian portion of the Ottoman empire, but this contradicted previous agreements the British had made with Arab leaders such as the one with Abdulaziz ibn Saud on December 26, 1915. The Sykes-Picot agreement remained secret until the Bolsheviks exposed it while renouncing Russia’s claim to the straits and Istanbul after their revolution in November 1917.

In 1916 British forces were still moving up the Tigris toward Baghdad, but 13,000 were forced to surrender at Kut al-Amara in July.

However, in the second half of 1916 the Russians advanced into Anatolia and took Trabzon, Erzurum, and Van. The British persuaded Sharif Huseyn, the hereditary governor of Mecca, to initiate an Arab revolt against the Ottoman empire. The British expeditionary force took Baghdad in March 1917, but they were not able to break through in Gaza until December.

Meanwhile the Ottoman army was suffering from hunger and disease, and many died of cholera from bad drinking water.

The Ottoman army reached its maximum strength of 800,000 in 1916; but more than a half million deserted, and only 100,000 remained in October 1918. The ineffective grand vizier Said Halim resigned on February 3, 1917 and was replaced by Talat. After the November 1917 revolution the Bolsheviks renounced the secret treaties and took Russia out of the war. In the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on March 3, 1918 the Soviet Union agreed to evacuate eastern Anatolia. In December 1917 anti-Bolsheviks in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan had formed the Republic of Transcaucasia with the capital in Tblisi. On December 18 an Ottoman delegation accepted a ceasefire at Erzincan, and the same day Ottoman troops signed a truce with the Republic but occupied the area to try to restore the border.

On June 4 1918 the Ottomans made peace treaties with Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis at Batum. Enver led Ottoman troops into Azerbaijan in September to take over the Baku oilfields. Enver ordered the Ottoman divisions returning from Europe in 1918 to go to the Caucasus. The Unionist leadership also created the Guard (Karakol).

The British occupied Iraq, taking Kerkuk on May 6, 1918. The German commander Liman von Sanders and Mustafa Kemal gathered their strength in Syria; but the British and the Arab revolt took over Nablus on September 20 and Haifa and Acre three days later. Damascus fell on October 1, followed by Aleppo and Homs. The French occupied Beirut on October 6, and the Ottomans fled from Tripoli and Alexandretta toward Adana in Anatolia. Bulgaria had joined the Central Alliance in 1915; but a British-French force from Salonika defeated them on September 29, 1918, and they surrendered three days later. This left the western Ottoman empire open to an Allied invasion.

Sultan Mehmet V had died on June 28, 1918, and he was succeeded by his brother Vahdettin as Mehmet VI. The CUP triumvirate cabinet of Enver, Talat, and Cemal resigned and was replaced by General Ahmet Izzet. On October 18 his government decided to let Armenians and other refugees return to their homes. Hüseyin Rauf Orbay led the Ottoman delegation that signed the armistice with the British at Mondros on October 31. The straits by Istanbul were opened in November, and the Ottomans surrendered to the Allies, who were responsible for food supplies. On November 2 Talat, Cemal, and Enver fled on a German freighter. CUP was disbanded, and its property was confiscated. CUP leaders were accused of the coup on January 23, 1913, entering the war with the Central Powers, massacring Armenians, deporting Greeks, maltreating POWs, ruining the economy, war profiteering, and other corruption. However, the Karakol helped them escape, and few were ever tried. Four British officers arrived at Istanbul on November 7, and the Ottoman cabinet resigned the next day. Also on November 8 the British occupied Mosul. Col. Raymond of France came to Adana on November 25 and told CUP leaders to leave. The French occupied Adana on December 21.

In the war the Ottomans drafted about three million men into the armed forces; about 325,000 were killed in battle, and about 240,000 died of disease. The Turks placed hope in the 12th of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points which stated, “The Turkish portions of the Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty.”

By the end of the Great War the Ottoman empire had been reduced to little more than Anatolia, a Turkish population with Greek, Kurdish, and Armenian minorities.

The armistice called for military occupation of the straits and control of the railway and telegraph lines.

Ottoman forces were to be demobilized and disarmed except small contingents for law enforcement. Article seven gave the Entente powers the right to occupy the Ottoman empire to protect their security, and the British occupied Mosul a few days after the armistice.

Societies for the Defense of National Rights were founded in Edirne, western Thrace, and Kars in November, in Izmir and Urfa in December, and by Trabzon and Erzurum in February 1919.

By December 8, 1918 the Allied military administration was established in Istanbul, and troops were quartered throughout the city. A revival of political activity opposing the peace settlement and the Allied occupation led Sultan Mehmet VI to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies on December 21.

Notes

1. Uras, Tarihte Ermeniler, p. 295 quoted in A Shameful Act by Taner Akçam, p. 41.

2. British Foreign Office Documents, ref. 371/6501 quoted in Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide 1915 by G. S. Graber, p. 108.

3. Oriente Moderno, May 1931, p. 225-6 quoted in The Emergence of Modern Turkey by Bernard Lewis, p. 286.

Sykes-Picot 1916:

Negotiations between Mark Sykes and Georges Picot led to a secret agreement on May 16, 1916 to divide up the Asian portion of the Ottoman empire, but this contradicted previous agreements the British had made with Arab leaders such as the one with Abdulaziz ibn Saud on December 26, 1915.

banknotes.jpg

BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS BIS REVIEW NO. 135: FINANCIAL SECTOR

November 5, 2009 at 11:28 am | In Economics, Financial, Globalization, Research, World-system | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

BIS Review

Bank for International Settlements

BIS Review No 135 available

Press, Service (press@bis.org)

Publications, Service (Publications@bis.org)

Thu 11/05/09

Please find BIS Review No 135 attached as an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file. Alternatively, you can access this BIS Review on the Bank for International Settlements’ website by clicking on http://www.bis.org/review/index.htm.

What’s included?

BIS Review No 135 (5 November 2009)

Sada Reddy: Fiji’s first Stock Exchange celebrates its 30th anniversary

Barbro Wickman-Parak: Financial stability in focus

Shyamala Gopinath: Changing dynamics of legal risks in the financial sector

Daniel K Tarullo: Regulatory reform

Jaime Caruana: Financial reforms – what are the common lessons for prudential supervisors?

e-mail press@bis.org.

BIS Review

Bank for International Settlements

BIS Review No 135 available

http://www.bis.org/review/index.htm

Press, Service (press@bis.org)

Publications, Service (Publications@bis.org)

Thu 11/05/09

banknotes.jpg

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: GLOBALIZATION CFG GEOCITIES ARCHIVES

November 4, 2009 at 12:40 pm | In Globalization, History, Research, World-system | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP

CFG GEOCITIES ARCHIVES

GLOBAL TRENDS

01. BIS GLOBAL

02. FINANCIAL STABILITY FORUM: WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

03. BANK EVALUATION BY CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE

04. EXTERNAL DEBT

05. BIS SEPTEMBER 2004 QUARTERLY REVIEW

06. PARIS SEMINAR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: OCTOBER 2004

07. BANK EVALUATION BY CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE: II

08. ILO: GOVERNANCE SUMMIT

09. BANK EVALUATION: III

10. RUSSIA UPDATE, SEPTEMBER 2004

11. MARITIME CONFERENCE: ILO

12. SHAMIL BANK

13. OPEC NEWS

14. BANKING SUPERVISION: BASEL COMMITTEE

15. BIS SURVEY

GLOBAL TRENDS

01. CFG ENGLISH-LANGUAGE NEWSLETTER 1979

02. CFG THE FUTURE

03. CFG DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

04. CFG JEWS AND BLACKS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

05. CFG FIRST JAPAN NEWSLETTER 1982

06. CFG REAGAN REVOLUTION

07. CFG SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

08. CFG WORLD ECONOMY

09. CFG THIRD WORLD PHOBIA

10. CFG ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN CAPITAL

11. CFG BOOK REVIEW: HAMANO BOOK INFORMATION CONTROL OF JAPAN

12. CFG JAPAN BOOK: NEW AMERICAN GLOBALISM

13. CFG JAPAN BOOK: DECADE TO COME

14. CFG JAPAN BOOK: STRUCTURE OF THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURT

15. CFG JAPAN BOOK: AFTER JAPAN’S DEFAULT

16. CFG JAPAN BOOK: YEN COMES BACK TO PAPER

17. CFG JAPAN BOOK: ATLAS OF GLOBALIZATION

18. CFG JAPAN BOOK: GEMKI FUJII & RICHARD MELSON BOOK KOHSAIDO PUBLISHER

19. CFG JAPAN BOOK: DAY YEN DISAPPEARS

20. CFG JAPAN BOOK: TERRORISM

21. CFG JAPAN BOOK: GEORGE W. BUSH

22. CFG JAPAN BOOK: LEADERSHIP CRISIS

23. CFG BOOK PROPOSAL

24. CFG DOUGLAS FEITH NSC LETTER TO CFG

25. CFG ESSAY: ZAPATA AND HISTORICAL REASONING

banknotes.jpg

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MIDDLE EAST AND WORLD CFG GEOCITIES ARCHIVES

November 4, 2009 at 12:05 pm | In Arabs, Islam, Israel, Judaica, Middle East, Palestine, Research, World-system, Zionism | Leave a Comment

spin-globe.gif

books-globe.gif

globe-purple.gif

history.gif

world.gif

compass.gif

loudspeaker.gif

globeinmoney.jpg

CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP

CFG GEOCITIES ARCHIVAL

MIDDLE EAST & WORLD

01. BANTUSTAN FOR PALESTINIANS

02. BANTUSTAN II

03. CAPTURING US OFFICIALS

04. CHRISTIANS

05. COMMITTEE PRESENT DANGER

06. GENERAL WESLEY CLARK

07. ISRAEL CONFERENCE

08. ISRAEL RESEARCH

09. ISRAEL RESEARCH II

10. JERUSALEM

11. KNESSET MEMBERS

12. KNESSET MEMBERS II

13. OUTSOURCING AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY

14. OUTSOURCING II

15. PALESTINIAN TRANSFER PLANS

16. PATAI AND ZIONIST ARABOLOGY

17. US VETO HISTORY

18. WOOLSEY

19. WOOLSEY II

20. WOOLSEY III

21. WOOLSEY IV

22. WOOLSEY V

23. WOOLSEY VI

24. LEBANON POLICY

25. YEMEN TIMES

26. SHARON CHRISTIANS

27.NEO-CONS AT STRESA CONFERENCE

28.CAPTURING OFFICIALS II

29.CHRISTIAN ANTI-ISLAM

30.CHECHNYA AND NEO-CONS

31.ORWELLO-ZIONISM

32.ISRAEL UNITS

33.ISRAEL UNITS II

34.ISRAEL SPECIAL OPS

35.ISRAELIZATION V AICE

36.ISRAELIZATION VI MUSLIMS

37.ISRAELIZATION VII RADICALIZATION

38.ISRAELIZATION VIII WASHINGTON

39.ISRAELIZATION IX ZOA

40.IAGS COHEN

41.MACROHISTORY

42.ISRAELIZATION III SAUDI TARGET

43.ISRAELIZATION II HERZLIYA

44.ISRAELIZATION I: IASPS

45.ISRAELIZATION IV NEAR EAST

46.NEOCON-ZIONIST MEDIA

47.ZIONIST WORLD ORDER

48.GENTILITY TRICKS

49.GAFFNEY FEITH PERLE

50.CLUB OF ROME AND PRINCE BIN TALAL

51.GREENSTOCK PARALYZED BY NEO-CON/ZIONISTS

52.CAPTURING MEDIA PERSONALITIES FOR ISRAEL: OLIVER NORTH

53.MIDDLE EAST RESEARCH DOCUMENTS

54.KNESSET AND LIKUD FACTS

55.ISRAEL SUPREME COURT VERSUS SHARON WALL

56.UN VETOES FOR ISRAEL BY US

57.UNITED STATES INSITUTE OF PEACE AND CONDOLEEZZA RICE

58.CAPTURING JOHN KERRY AND MANY OTHERS: THE JERUSALEM FUND

59.SPEECHES: SHARON, NETANYAHU, BUSH

60.AJC CAPTURES MAYORS FOR ISRAEL WORLDWIDE

61.US-ISRAEL CONGRESSIONAL CAUCUS SPONSORED BY THE AJC

62.ISRAELIZATION OF WASHINGTON POLICY: THE JCPA

63.RICHARD PERLE AND NEO-CON ZIONISTS MOVE IN ON KAZAKHSTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA

64.CONGRESSMAN BURTON OF INDIANA AND THE RABBIS

65.MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC REFORM CONFERENCE

66.JERUSALEM SUMMIT II: ISRAEL UNITY COALITION AS CO-SPONSOR

67.PALESTINE INCIDENTS AND ENCROACHMENTS

68.PERES CENTER TRIES FUTILELY TO FUSE ZIONISTS AND PEACE LOVING SCANDINAVIANS

69.PRESIDENT KATSAV OF ISRAEL CAPTURES PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH: B’NAI B’RITH AND THE JERUSALEM WORLD CENTER

70.SHARON AND MOFAZ E-MAIL ADDRESSES

71.PROMOTING GLOBAL CIVIL WAR UNDER THE CAMOUFLAGE OF TERRORISM-FIGHTING: MEMRI

72.PALESTINIAN LEADERS AS OF AUGUST 28, 2004

73.DOUGLAS FEITH: PENTAGON’S NUMBER THREE OFFICIAL

74.DOUGLAS FEITH: ORGANIZATION CHART PENTAGON

75.CAESAREA RISK CONFERENCES: MAKING MONEY BY FOMENTING CHAOS

76.PROFESSOR DAVID BUKAY AND THE ISLAMOPHOBIA/ARAB-BASHING INDUSTRY

77.KERRY AS ANOTHER DEMOCRATIC ISRAEL SLAVE

78.PERES CENTRE FOR PEACE “GLOCALIZATION” CONFERENCE: ROME, MAY 2004

79.ISRAELIZATION OF WASHINGTON POLICY: MOSSAD OPS AND “TERRORISM” EXPERTS

80.MELSON in “YEMEN TIMES”

81.ISRAEL INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES

82.TERRORISM AS A NEO-CON/ZIONIST “INDUSTRY”

83.PRIME MINISTER’S WEEKLY CABINET MEETING: ISRAEL

84.MORRIS AMITAY AND THE BUYING AND POLITICAL BROWBEATING OF THE US CONGRESS

85.JINSA “CAPTURES” INDIA

86.”ONE JERUSALEM DOT ORG” AS A PRESSURE GROUP BLOCKING ANY SETTLEMENT

87.ARAB-US CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER, 2004

88.CHRISTIAN ZIONISTS ORGANIZED FOR ISRAEL BY RABBI ECKSTEIN: IFCJ AND ISRAEL SOLIDARITY DAY, OCTOBER 17, 2004

89.OMAN OUTLOOK BY KATZ

90.IRAN AS NEXT TARGET ON NEO-CON ZIONIST HIT LIST?

91.NEWT GINGRICH AS NEO-CON ZIONIST EXTREMIST

92.SENATOR SAM BROWNBACK, REPUBLICAN OF KANSAS: CHRISTIAN ZIONISM AND JERUSALEM SUMMITS

93.JERUSALEM SUMMITS ASIA: MANILA, AUGUST, 2004

94.ISLAM-BASHING: “JEWISH WORLD REVIEW” AS HEADQUARTERS OF ISLAMOPHOBIA

95.GOVERNOR GEORGE PATAKI OF NEW YORK AND HIS WIFE LIBBY LABORING FOR SHARON

96.GOVERNOR ZELL MILLER OF GEORGIA AND THE ISRAELIZATION PROCESS AT THE STATE LEVEL

97.BUYING CONGRESS, 2004: ISRAEL PAC MONEY

98.ISLAMIC FINANCE FORUM: THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT AS NEW GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENGINE?

99.ISLAMOPHOBIA AS NEW ZIONIST-LEAD GLOBAL JERUSALEM-BASED “HATE INDUSTRY”?

100.ARIEL CENTER: THINK TANK FOR SHAMIR, ARENS, AND OTHER EXPANSION-ORIENTED “LEBENSRAUM” ZIONISTS

101.SHARON “BANTUSTAN PLAN” FOR PALESTINIANS: PRESERVING A MINIMAL FIGLEAF FOR THE AMERICANS

102.PHILIP ZELIKOW, “9/11 COMMISSION,” CONDOLEEZZA RICE, PFIAB: ISRAEL AS REAL MOTIVE FOR IRAQ WAR

103.”YEMEN TIMES” MELSON PIECE FOR SEPTEMBER 6, 2004: SHARON TRUE NATURE

104.SCHOLASTIC ISLAMOPHOBIA AND OPPORTUNISTIC ARCHEOLOGY AS PRIME TOOLS IN NEO-CON ZIONIST THIEVES’ TOOLBOX: GAMLA

105.ISRA-AMERICA: WASHINGTON AS A SATELLITE OF ISRAEL NEO-CON GROUPING

106.SENATOR JOHN McCAIN AND ISRAEL: THE IRI SETTING

107.IRAN IN THE CROSSHAIRS: TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY ANALYSIS

108.MUSLIMS WORLDWIDE IN THE ZIONIST NEO-CON CROSSHAIRS: JERUSALEM SUMMIT II, NOVEMBER 2004

109.YURI SHTERN OF THE KNESSET TARGETS MUSLIMS WORLDWIDE: JERUSALEM SUMMIT II, NOVEMBER 2004

110.CAUCASUS: TEL AVIV ANALYSIS

111.THREE ISLAMIC STRATEGIES: FROM ZINOVIEV in 1920 THROUGH SHARON/SHTERN in 2004

112.ISRAEL OPINION POLL

113.SEPTEMBER CONFERENCE IN WASHINGTON: US/ARAB

114.KERRY/EDWARDS, JEWS, ISRAEL

115.SETTLER MOVEMENT IN ISRAEL: YESHA

116.ISRAEL AND ORWELLO-ZIONIST SECURITY ANALYSES

117.LETTER FROM YURI SHTERN: CHAIRMAN OF KNESSET CHRISTIAN ALLIES CAUCUS

118.HERZLIYA CONFERENCES: ISRAELIZATION OF IRAQ AND WASHINGTON’S IRAQ POLICY

119.SHARON, NETANYAHU, SETTLERS: LIKUD SQUABBLES

120.KERRY: MEL LEVINE KEEPS KERRY IN LINE FOR AIPAC

121.FOURTH ICT HERZLIYA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER 11-14, 2004: ROPING IN MUSLIM LEADERS

122.SOME CONTACTS: ISRAEL AND RUSSIA

123.KERRY ISRAEL SPEECHES

124.ISLAMIC FINANCE ASIA CONFERENCE: SEPTEMBER 2004

125.MUSLIM WORLD: 9/11

126.CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP BOOKS PUBLISHED IN JAPAN RECENTLY: MIDDLE EAST AND THE WORLD: I

127.CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP BOOKS PUBLISHED IN JAPAN: MIDDLE EAST AND THE WORLD: II

128.JAPAN BOOKS OF CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MIDDLE EAST, JAPAN, WORLD: III

129.JAPAN BOOKS OF CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MIDDLE EAST, JAPAN, WORLD: IV

130.JAPAN BOOKS OF CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MIDDLE EAST, JAPAN, WORLD: V

131.JAPAN BOOKS OF CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MIDDLE EAST, JAPAN, WORLD: VI

132.ISRAEL’S ANTI-PALESTINIAN PROPAGANDA MACHINERY: “PALESTINE MEDIA WATCH”

133.GENERAL JAY GARNER AND THE PLANNED NEO-CON/ZIONIST ISRAELIZATION OF IRAQ

134.TWO CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP BOOKS FROM JAPAN

135.HERZLIYA CONFERENCES: “SISTER” OF “JERUSALEM SUMMITS” IN BUILDING A NEW ZIONIST WORLD ORDER

136.NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT, AUGUST 2004 SUMMIT: PALESTINE

137.KERRY AS ISRAEL SUPPORTER

138.FOREIGN MINISTER OF ISRAEL’S UN SPEECH

139.MUSLIMS AND JEWS IN THE WORLD SYSTEM

140.ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN PALESTINE DESIGNED BY SHARON TO KILL TWO-STATE SOLUTION VIA CREEPING ANNEXATION

141.ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN PALESTINE DESIGNED BY SHARON TO KILL TWO-STATE SOLUTION VIA CREEPING ANNEXATION PART II

142.ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN PALESTINE DESIGNED BY SHARON TO KILL TWO-STATE SOLUTION VIA CREEPING ANNEXATION PART III

143.WORLD ISLAMIC BANKING CONFERENCE: BAHRAIN, DECEMBER 11, 2004

144.MIDDLE EAST MAPS: FROM CIA FACTBOOK

145.SHIMON PERES OF ISRAEL AND THE PROBLEM OF “GLOBALONEY”

146.CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: WHAT IS THE BASIC PROBLEM THAT WE ANALYZE?

147.SYRIA AND LEBANON: TAU-NOTES 112

148.SABEEL JERUSALEM CONFERENCE AGAINST “CHRISTIAN ZIONISM”: APRIL 2004

149.KERRY-EDWARDS CAMPAIGN: JEWS, ISRAEL, FLORIDA

150.MUSLIMS AND JEWS IN THE “WORLD SYSTEM”

151.SABEEL ACTIVITY AND PALESTINIAN CHRISTIANS

152.MISUSING ISLAM FOR ZIONIST ENDS

153.KNESSET: PHONE AND FAX NUMBERS

154.KERRY SUNDAY OCTOBER 3, 2004 JEWISH CONFERENCE

155.SHARON WEEKLY CABINET MEETING: SEPTEMBER 26, 2004

156.SHARON SPEECHES: JULY 2004

157.PUBLIC COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE IN ISRAEL

158.BERNARD SHAPIRO WANTS SHARON TO STEP UP ETHNIC CLEANSING OF TERRITORIES

159.BUSH NEED TO CATER TO CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALISTS’ ISLAMOPHOBIA USEFUL NEO-CON ISRAEL TOOL

160.MAYOR OF JERUSALEM, LUPOLIANSKI, SPEEDS UP ANTI-ARAB ETHNIC CLEANSING

161.KERRY-EDWARDS ON MIDDLE EAST PEACE FROM “OUR PLAN FOR AMERICA.”

162.KERRY AND JEWISH SUPPORTERS

163.GAZA DISENGAGEMENT AS PURE BLUFF

164.ISRAEL’S NUCLEAR STRATEGY: PROFESSOR BERES AND “PROJECT DANIEL”

165.ELON “TRANSFER” PLAN: JORDAN IS PALESTINE REVISITED

166.RABBIS PROMOTE RABID ISLAMOPHOBIA IN RUSSIA

167.ISRAEL-PALESTINE-INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE: II

168.DEIR YASSIN AND “THE LITTLE DRUMMER GIRL”

169.DEIR YASSIN REMEMBERED

170.TERRORISM CENTER NEAR TEL AVIV: DEMONIZING THE PALESTINIANS

171.NEWSPAPER OP-ED CONTACTS FOR MIDDLE EAST

172.PROFESSOR LOUIS BERES OF PURDUE: SHARON’S NUCLEAR STRATEGY ADVISOR

173.KERRY AND ISRAEL-WORSHIP: CONTINUED

174.HEALTH IN GAZA: DEBATE

175.ICEJ AND SHARON: UTILITY OF CHRISTIAN ZIONISM FOR SHARON’S VISIONS AND STRATEGIES

176.”B’SHEVA” WEEKLY NEWSPAPER’S “JERUSALEM CONFERENCE”: MARCH 2004

177.TWO RADICAL ZIONIST LECTURERS

178.PCATI LETTER ON ASSASSINATIONS BY ISRAEL

179.”BRIDGES FOR PEACE” GROUP & VIRULENT CHRISTIAN ISLAMOPHOBIA

180.INTERNATIONAL FELLOWSHIP OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS: “WINGS OF EAGLES” PROGRAM

181.DORE GOLD’S “NGO MONITOR”

182.ISRAEL DEATH SQUADS: SEQUEL

183.JUDEOCENTRISM AS A BLOCKAGE OF WORLD POLITICS

184.JUDEOCENTRISM AS A BLOCKAGE OF WORLD POLITICS AND PALESTINE

185.SHARON BUSH LETTERS OF APRIL 2004 PLUS ISRAEL GOVERNMENT CABINET COMMUNIQUE

186.MOSSAD AND METSADA ASSASSINS

187.LECTURE ON SAUDI ARABIA

188.”ARAB DECLINE”: ESSAY FROM DAYAN CENTER

189.”JERUSALEM ISSUE BRIEF”: OCTOBER 2004

190.CONTACTING NETANYAHU

191.MISUSING THE HOLOCAUST FOR ZIONISM “SALES”

192.”BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL”: “PALESTINE”

193.ISRAEL: PRESBYTERIANS VERSUS JEWS

194.LETTER TO LIKUD CENTRAL COMMITTEE

195.MUNICH CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 2004

196.MUNICH CONFERENCE PHOTOS: FEBRUARY 2004

197.BERLIN CONFERENCE AND ELIE WIESEL: APRIL 2004

198.SHARON KNESSET SPEECH OCTOBER 25, 2004: PUSHING FOR A GAZA “BANTUSTAN” FOR THE PALESTINIANS

199.TAU NOTES # 113: TUNISIA

200.JERUSALEM SUMMIT II: NOVEMBER 2004. TOWARDS A “ZIONIST NEW WORLD ORDER”

201.JERUSALEM SUMMIT II: NOVEMBER 2004. TOWARDS A “ZIONIST NEW WORLD ORDER.” SENATOR BROWNBACK

202.RICHARD MELSON 2003 PIECES

203.HUDSON INSTITUTE GOES INTO RADICAL ISLAMOPHOBIA

204.TAU NOTES 114: POST-ARAFAT

205.OLIVE HARVEST WEST BANK: ACRI

206.RABBIS HUMAN RIGHTS

207.REPUBLICAN JEWISH COALITION

208.ARABS RIGHTS ISRAEL

209.”SYRIA REPORT”

210.PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS-ISRAEL

211.BERES “PROJECT DANIEL”

212.MIDDLE EAST FORUM: DANIEL PIPES

213.PROF. DAVID BUKAY’S “ISLAM-WATCHING”: PART II

214.”MACCABEAN ONLINE”

215.MANHIGUT YEHUDIT(“JEWISH LEADERSHIP”)

216.MOLEDET AND “TRANSFER” OF PALESTINIANS

217.AMERICAN “MOLEDET”: CONTACT INFO

218.ARAB NETWORK HUMAN RIGHTS: NOVEMBER 2004

219.PALESTINIAN EXILE IN VIENNA

220.PALESTINE CONFERENCE

221.ISRAEL21c: SHOVAL PIECE

222.PALESTINE SURVEYS

223.NETANYAHU: CONTACT INFO

224.POLLING PALESTINE: CONTACT INFO

225.”JERUSALEM ISSUE BRIEF”: “HAMAS-STAN”

226.AMERICAN TASK FORCE ON PALESTINE

227.ARUTZ SHEVA

228.MPAC NEWS

229.JERUSALEM NEWSWIRE: CHRISTIAN ZIONIST-FUNDAMENTALIST

230.MONTREAL MUSLIM NEWS: “NEW ELECTORAL MAP”

231.JERUSALEM FUND AND PALESTINE CENTER

232.HEBRON IMPLACABLES

233.CASPIAN OIL PIPELINES

234.PALESTINE MEDIA WATCH

235.CHRISTIAN ACTION FOR ISRAEL

236.”END THE OCCUPATION”

237.PALESTINE REPORT

238.ONEJERUSALEM.ORG: SHARANSKY BOOK AND “BUSH-CAPTURE”

239.AMAN: ISRAEL INTELLIGENCE

240.”YESH GVUL”: “THERE IS A LIMIT”

241.JEWISH ALLIANCE FOR JUSTICE AND PEACE

242.MIFTAH: HANAN ASHRAWI AND RASHID KHALIDI

243.PALESTINE CENTER PUBLIC OPINION: POLL

244.”B’TSELEM”: ISRAELI INFORMATION CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

245.JEWISH VOICE FOR PEACE

246.”EI”: ELECTRONIC INTIFADA

247.SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS

247.SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS: U.S. VOTING RECORD

248.”MIFKAD”: PEOPLE’S VOICE PEACE INITIATIVE

249.PALESTINE WEAPONS

250.REDRESS WEBSITE: AVNERY

251.WORLD ISLAMIC BANKING CONFERENCE: BAHRAIN, DECEMBER 11, 2004

252.ISRAEL ACADEMIA MONITOR: DANIEL PIPES-TYPE WATCHDOG

253.AL-HAQ

254.THE PALESTINIAN HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING GROUP

255.THE WASHINGTON REPORT ON MIDDLE EAST AFFAIRS

256.JEWS FOR JUSTICE FOR PALESTINIANS

257.ADDAMEER PRISONER’S SUPPORT AND HUMAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION

258.MERIA NEWS

259.IAGS: ENERGY “ZIONOMICS”

260.IASPS: JERUSALEM-WASHINGTON THINK TANK

261.ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM: CAIRO MIDDLE EAST THINK TANK

262.BITTERLEMONS AND BITTERLEMONS INTERNATIONAL

263.MIDDLE EAST NEWSLINE

264.ISRAEL INSIDER WEEKLY BRIEFING

265.WASHINGTON KURDISH INSTITUTE

266.ADALAH RIGHTS MOVEMENT

267.WORLD ISLAMIC BANKING CONFERENCE: WIBC

268.GUYSEN ISRAEL NEWS

269.ALAQSA INTIFADA

270.ISRAELI COMMITTEE AGAINST HOUSE DEMOLITIONS

271.PALESTINE NATIONAL INITIATIVE

272.MACHSOM AND ISRAELI CHECKPOINTS

273.ALTERNATIVE INFORMATION CENTER

274.FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE EAST PEACE

275.PARENTS CIRCLE

276.BUSINESS MONITOR INTERNATIONAL: QATAR ENERGY

277.GUSH SHALOM: PEACE BLOC

278.GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DUBAI DECEMBER 2004 GISTEC CONFERENCE

279.BLOG: LAURA ROZEN

280.MAPS: REFERENCE MATERIALS

281.GLOBES: REFERENCE MATERIALS

282.STOP THE WALL

283.CCFI: SAUDI ARABIA

284.AME INFO: UAE

285.JIF BANK: JORDAN

286.MENAFN

287.BENADOR ASSOCIATES: NEO-CON PR FIRM

288.SHUAA CAPITAL

289.MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC SURVEY: MEES

290.MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC DIGEST: MEED

291.GIC: KUWAIT

292.ALJAZEERA NEWS

293.TAIB

294.OMAN ARAB BANK

295.SICO: BAHRAIN

296.STANDARD CHARTERED BANK: JORDAN

297.KAMCO: KUWAIT

298.HERMES: EGYPT

299.YKB BANK: TURKEY

300.BAKHEET FINANCIAL ADVISORS: SAUDI

301.BMI DAILY MIDDLE EAST

302.BANK AUDI: LEBANON

303.EF BANK: JORDAN

304.DANIEL PIPES

305.OPEC: VIENNA PRESS RELEASE

306.CENTRAL BANK OF TURKEY

307.BADIL: PALESTINE

308.MUSLIM WORLD INITIATIVE: USIP AND DANIEL PIPES

309.CENTRE GLOBAL ENERGY STUDIES: SHEIK YAMANI IN LONDON

310.FORUM FOR THE FUTURE: RABAT

311.ATLAS INVESTMENT GROUP: AMMAN JORDAN

312.BLOMINVEST: BEIRUT LEBANON

313.RIYAD BANK

314.SAUDI-AMERICAN FORUM: BOOK SERIAL

315.TRADE ARABIA

316.MIDDLE EAST INFO: DANIEL KATZ NEO-CON SITE

317.IRAQ FOUNDATION

318.IRAQ FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY

319.ZAWYA

320.CASPIAN STUDIES: IRANIAN OIL AND GAS

321.PALESTINE CENTER: JERUSALEM FUND ANNOUNCEMENT

322.SOUTH CENTRE

323.IPCRI: BASKIN

324.GLOBES: ISRAEL MARKETS & TECH UPDATE

325.SETTLEMENTS: OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

326.MIDDLE EAST WEB

327.SAUDI INFORMATION: SEE MAP

328.THE SAUDI BRITISH BANK

329.SAMA: SAUDI ARABIAN MONETARY AUTHORITY

330.AL RAJHI BANK: SAUDI ARABIA

331.AN-NAJAH UNIVERSITY: NABLUS

332.MEMRI

333.JERUSALEM REPORT

334.THINK ISRAEL

335.COMMITTEE ON THE PRESENT DANGER: JAMES WOOLSEY & GEORGE SHULTZ

336.HDIP: RAMALLAH

337.AL MEZAN INSTITUTE: GAZA

338.WAFA: PALESTINE NEWS AGENCY TWO PHOTOS

339.AL-DAMEER

340.PALESTINE CENTER FOR PUBLIC OPINION

341.MIDDLE EAST POLICY COUNCIL

342.NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK: ALAHLI SAUDI ARABIA

343.JTA

344.JEWISH WORLD REVIEW

345.NEW ENGLAND COMMITTEE TO DEFEND PALESTINE

346.MUSLIM PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL: MPAC

347.ARAB RESEARCH INSTITUTE JERUSALEM: ARIJ

348.PALESTINE MONITOR

349.ARAB FINANCE CORPORATION: BEIRUT

350.YORAM ETTINGER: JERUSALEM BOARDROOM & JERUSALEM CLOAKROOM

351.MILLI GAZETTE: MUSLIM INDIA MELSON

352.KIRKUK: IRAQ TURKMEN

353.CONFERENCE OF PRESIDENTS OF MAJOR AMERICAN JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS: DAILY ALERT

354.JIHAD WATCH

355.AL-HEWAR: VIENNA VIRGINIA

356.THE FOUNDATION FOR INDO-TURKIC STUDIES: GAJENDRA SINGH

357.CAIR: ISLAMIC COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC

358.US EMBASSY: BAGHDAD

359.ZAMAN ONLINE: TURKEY

360.MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS: ISRAEL

361.MUSLIM UZBEKISTAN

362.JONATHAN POLLARD

363.MUSLIM COUNCIL

364.MOVEMENT OF ISLAMIC REFORM IN ARABIA: MIRA

365.COLLEGE OF JUDEA AND SAMARIA: ZIONIST SETTLER COLLEGE

366.WISDOM FUND

367.AMERICAN MUSLIM PERSPECTIVE: RAND STUDY

368.SYRIA REPORT: UPDATED WEBSITE

369.THE OTHER ISRAEL: TOI

370.SCIRI: IRAQ

371.CHECHNYA ADVOCACY NETWORK: CAN

372.TURKISH PRESS

373.ZIONIST DOMINATION US-CHINA POLICY

374.KHILAFAH: ISRAEL PALESTINE PAKISTAN

375.NATIONAL BANK OF KUWAIT: NBK

376.TEL AVIV NOTES 119: EGYPT-ISRAEL TRADE AGREEMENT

377.JEWISH NATIONAL FUND: JNF

378.SAUDI-US RELATIONS

379.AL-BAWABA

380.PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

381.PALESTINE CHRONICLE

382.HAARETZ HEADLINES

383.BRITAIN ISRAEL COMMUNICATIONS AND RESEARCH CENTRE: BICOM

384.PUBLIC COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE IN ISRAEL: PCATI

385.IRAQ-WAR.RU: RUSSIA IRAQ SITE MELSON ESSAY

386.IMRA: THE KNESSET FORUM ARTICLE

387.ROOT AND BRANCH ASSOCIATION: RBA ISRAEL

388.FREEMAN CENTER

389.GLORIA: MIDDLE EAST REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

390.ARAB MEDIA WATCH: LONDON

391.KNESSET FORUM ON THE MIDDLE EAST

392.RAFAH: HOUSE DEMOLITIONS PALESTINE

393.IF AMERICANS KNEW: PAUL FINDLEY GROUP

394.WOMEN IN GREEN

395.VOICE OF JUDEA

396.THE DAVID PROJECT: BOSTON

397.PALESTINE RED CRESCENT SOCIETY

398.PALESTINE MEDIA WATCH: ACTION

399.MIDDLE EAST REALITIES: WASHINGTON

400.DAR AL-HAYAT: MELSON

401.WALID PHARES: CHRISTIAN ZIONIST ARAB

402.ABU MAZEN: PALESTINE

403.TAU NOTES: LIBYA & SAUDI ARABIA

404.AL-AHRAM, CAIRO: MELSON LETTERS

405.ARAB TIMES, KUWAIT: MELSON LETTER

406.ONE JERUSALEM: SHARANSKY

407.WESTERN MUSLIMS: TARIQ RAMADAN BOOK

408.TARIQ RAMADAN WEBSITE

409.DAYAN CENTER: MAURETANIA COUP

410.IMVP MIT: CARS

411.ALJAZEERAH.INFO ARTICLE: GAJENDRA SINGH

412.SOUTH BULLETIN NO.109: SOUTH CENTRE GENEVA

413.MUSLIMS INDIA: MILLI GAZETTE

414.GOLD INDIA: GFMS LONDON

415.REVAVA MOVEMENT: ISRAELI SETTLERS

416.PA DEMOGRAPHICS

417.JCPA: JERUSALEM ISSUE BRIEF DORE GOLD

418.SAVE GUSH KATIF

419.THE INVISIBLE WEAPON: DANIEL HEADRICK BOOK

420.GUSH SHALOM: URI AVNERY PEACE BLOC

MIDDLE EAST & WORLD

01. SERVICES TRADE

02. CASPIAN OIL

03. MERIA: RELIGIOUS MINORITIES EGYPT

04. MERIA: IRAQ

05. GLOBAL ISRAEL ALLIANCE

06. IMOPA: PALESTINE

07. BARGHOUTHI: PALESTINE POLITICS

08. MERETZ

09. IDF SUPPORT GROUP: USA

10. SAKAKINI: PALESTINE CULTURE

11. PALESTINE COMMISSION CITIZENS RIGHTS

12. AL-QUDS

13. JERUSALEM NEWSLETTER: “OUT OF ZION”

14. JINSA: JEWISH INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS

15. ISLAMIC FINANCE: LONDON

16. JAFFEE ASSESSMENT

17. ARABIC NEWS

18. TAU NOTES 122: TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY

19. TAU NOTES 121

20. PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY

21. ISRAEL POLICY FORUM

22. AN-NAJAH OPINION POLL

23. EGYPT ECONOMIC FORUM

24. SETTLEMENTS: MAP

25. ARAB DECISION

26. ARAB MONITOR: ITALY

27. INDIA: MIDDLE EAST

28. PALESTINE: INFO

29. QUMSIYEH

30. STOP THE WALL ORGANIZATION: MAPS

31. CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE CYPRUS: TUNISIA BANK

32. AMERICAN-ARAB ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE

33. DAYAN CENTER: ARAB DECLINE

34. STAND FOR ISRAEL: ISRAEL DAY

35. ARAB RIGHTS

36. PALESTINE SURVEY RESEARCH

37. WAFA: PALESTINE

38. WOMEN IN GREEN: RUTH MATAR LETTER

39. SOUTH BULLETIN 89: SOUTH CENTRE

40. TERRORISM RESEARCH: ISRAEL

41. JEWISH ALLIANCE FOR JUSTICE AND PEACE

42. MER: MIDDLE EAST RESEARCH

43. KESHEV: MEDIA ISRAEL

44. RAPHI: ULTRA-ZIONISM

45. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: HOW TO PREDICT THE FUTURE

46. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN CAPITAL

47. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH VIA THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT

48. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: WORLD ECONOMY FROM CHARLEMAGNE

49. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: REAGAN REVOLUTION

50. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

51. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: THIRD WORLD PHOBIA

52. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: LAWRENCE FEINER

53. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: LAWRENCE FEINER DISCUSSION II

54. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: FUTURE ENGINE OF GROWTH

55. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: BOOK PROPOSAL 1998

56. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: FIRST JAPAN NEWSLETTER 1982

57. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: FIRST AMERICAN NEWSLETTER 1979

58. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: JAPAN BOOK 1989: NEW AMERICAN GLOBALISM

59. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: JAPAN BOOK 1991: DECADE TO COME

60. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: JAPAN BOOK 1995: STRUCTURE OF THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

61. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: JEWS VERSUS BLACKS AND THE THIRD WORLD: EMERGING WORLD ECONOMY AND ETHNIC TENSIONS

62. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: JUDEOCENTRISM AND WORLD POLITICS

63. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MUSLIMS AND JEWS IN THE WORLD SYSTEM

64. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: MUSLIMS AND JEWS IN THE WORLD SYSTEM II

65. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: NEW JAPANESE BOOK

66. SHARON LETTER & E-MAIL

67. ISRAELI FACES: OCCUPATION CHIEFS

68. ISRAELI FACES: OCCUPATION CHIEFS II

69. ISRAELI FACES: OCCUPATION CHIEFS III

70. OPEC: PRESS RELEASE FROM VIENNA

71. ROOT AND BRANCH ASSOCIATION: ISRAEL

72. IMRA: MANHIGUT YEHUDIT ISRAEL

73. PRISM: ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS REUVEN PAZ ISRAEL

74. GLOBAL BEAT

75. EMPIRE: MISES INSTITUTE

76. JEWS FOR JUSTICE FOR PALESTINIANS

77. AL-AWDA: PALESTINE RETURN

78. INEAS: CAMBRIDGE

79. MAFQUD: CAMBRIDGE

80. VANUNU CAMPAIGN

81. CASPIAN OIL UPDATE

82. NBK UPDATE: FEBRUARY 2005 KUWAIT

83. TAIB BANK

84. CHATHAM HOUSE: LONDON

85. MINING INDONESIA: NEWSLETTER

86. DAILY STAR: LEBANON

87. YALE GLOBAL

88. SHUAA CAPITAL

89. AXIS OF LOGIC

90. TAU NOTES: IRAQ AFTER THE ELECTIONS

91. PMWATCH

92. MUNICH CONFERENCE ON SECURITY

93. JERUSALEM NEWSWIRE: CHRISTIAN ZIONISM

94. ZIONIST NEW WORLD ORDER? MELSON

95. CHECHYNA PEACE COMMITTEE: ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI

96. KHALEEJ TIMES ONLINE: DUBAI

97. WOMEN FOR WOMEN: IRAQ

98. GLOBAL POLICY FORUM: IRAQ

99. ARAB NEWS ONLINE

100. MERIP: DAVID AND MEYRAV WURMSER

101. IRAQI DEMOCRATS AGAINST OCCUPATION: IDAO

102. US EMBASSY: BAGHDAD IRAQ

103. ZIONISM VERSUS JEWS

104. KAVKAZ CENTER: CHECHNYA

105. JUAN COLE: FEITH RESIGNATION

106. MANAGING THE ATOM HARVARD: IRAN

107. SOUTH BULLETIN: SOUTH CENTRE

108. CAUCASUS REPORTING SERVICE: IWPR LONDON

109. ADALAH: ARAB RIGHTS ISRAEL

110. COUNCIL FOR THE NATIONAL INTEREST: PALESTINE

111. ISLAMIC-FINANCE.COM: LONDON JEDDAH CONFERENCE DETAILS

112. PRIME EGYPT GROUP

113. SAUDI-US NEWS

114. USELESS-KNOWLEDGE.COM: FEITH AND SISMI

115. AMERICANS FOR A SAFE ISRAEL: AFSI

116. YKB BANK: TURKEY BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

117. WORLD ISLAMIC LEAGUE: LONDON

118. SETTLEMENTS: JANUARY 2005 UPDATE

119. THE WISDOM FUND

120. CAMPUS WATCH: NEO-CONS AND PIPES

121. DAR AL-HAYAT: SAUDI ARABIA

122. SEPHARDIC POLITICS

123. CENTRE FOR GLOBAL ENERGY STUDIES: LONDON

124. JERUSALEM CENTER: DORE GOLD AND HUDNA

125. TURKISH PRESS

126. ISRAEL DEATH SQUADS: MUSLIM WAKE UP!

127. RAFAH REPORTS: MELSON

128. CENTRAL BANK OF TURKEY: ALERT

129. OUR QURAN AND MUSLIM REVIVAL: MELSON

130. ASSYRIA

131. ARAB TIMES: MELSON

132. SEEDS OF PEACE: NEW YORK

133. INDIA MUSLIMS: MILLI GAZETTE

134. FREEMAN CENTER

135. STATE DEPARTMENT: WASHINGTON FILE MIDEAST

136. RAMALLAH ONLINE FORUM: MELSON

137. ASIA TIMES FORUM: ELIE WIESEL ZIONIZES EUROPE

138. THE GLOBALIST

139. LONG-TERM HISTORICAL CHANGE: PETER TURCHIN

140. ISRAELI FACES: OCCUPATION CHIEFS

141. MUSLIM PROFESSIONALS UK: MELSON

142. JERUSALEM BOARDROOM

143. PALESTINE SURVEY RESEARCH: EXIT POLLS

144. PAKISTAN TRIBUNE FORUM: MELSON JERUSALEM

145. JEDDAH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY: JCCI

146. MWU: RICHARDHOT ITEMS

147. PALESTINE PRESS RELEASES: HEALTH AND THE WALL

148. TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY NOTES: TAU-124

149. INTELLIGENCE: C.S.S ISRAEL

150. SCIRI: IRAQ AND LONDON

151. ARAB BRITISH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

152. GUSH-SHALOM: URI AVNERY

153. OCCUPATION WATCH: IRAQ

154. CASPIAN OIL: CONFERENCE IN TURKEY

155. KURDS: WKI WASHINGTON

156. TRADE ARABIA

157. NBK: NATIONAL BANK OF KUWAIT

158. NBK: NATIONAL BANK OF KUWAIT II

159. THINK ISRAEL

160. TAU NOTES 125: TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY

161. BIS REVIEW: FEBRUARY 2005

162. IPS: IRAQ INVASION ON BEHALF OF ISRAEL

163. U.S. CENTCOM: MILITARY IN IRAQ

164. LEBANON-WIRE

165. JEDDAH ECONOMIC FORUM

166. JERUSALEM SUMMIT II: NOVEMBER 2004

167. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS: MFA ISRAEL

168. DAREMAR: DAMASCUS

169. DAILY STAR: BEIRUT MICHAEL YOUNG OPINION EDITOR

170. IPCRI

171. AL-JARIDA: MOROCCO

172. CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP: GOOGLE SEARCH

173. NCB BANK: SAUDI ARABIA JEDDAH

174. HILL AND KNOWLTON: BAHRAIN

175. TURKEY BUDGET: YAP KREDI BANK

176. CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE: OMAN

177. PUK: KURDS

178. TRADE FORUM: GENEVA

179. TAU NOTES 126: LEBANON

180. FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION(FPA): GLOBAL IMBALANCES

181. OXFORD CENTRE: MIDDLE EAST DIALOGUE

182. OXFORD CENTRE: WARSAW GHETTO PICTURE

183. PALESTINE-JAPAN: FOREIGN PRESS CENTER JAPAN

184. JAPAN-MIDDLE EAST AGRICULTURE

185. GLOCOM: JAPAN MIDDLE EAST GLOBAL

186. ITTO: TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION JAPAN

187. IIMA TOKYO: JAPAN MIDDLE EAST GLOBAL

188. ZION NET

189. IRAQI NATIONAL CONGRESS: CHALABI

190. IRAQ MEMORY FOUNDATION: KANAN MAKIYA

191. ISLAMIC BANKING CONFERENCE: SINGAPORE WITH AL GORE

192. SOUTH CENTRE BULLETIN: BIODIVERSITY

193. SYRIA REPORT NEWSLETTER

194. MERIA: MARCH 2005 HIZBALLAH LEBANON

195. BIS REVIEWS: No. 12 and 13

196. HERZLIYA CONFERENCE: MELSON PIECE TEMPOINTERAKTIF INDONESIA

197. CATHOLIC NEWS: PALESTINE AS CENTRAL ISSUE

198. MIDDLE EAST INTERNATIONAL: PATRICK SEALE LONDON

199. ARAB NEWS: MELSON

200. ARAB NEWS: MELSON II

201. REUVEN PAZ: ISLAM PRISM ISRAEL

202. TEL AVIV NOTES: 127

203. CCFI: SAUDI ARABIA CONSULTING

204. YKB: INFLATION TURKEY

205. SIKKUY REPORTS: ARABS IN ISRAEL

206. TZEMACH NEWS SERVICE

207. RABBI ECKSTEIN: IFCJ

208. FINANCIAL STABILITY FORUM: BIS

209. LEVY ECONOMICS INSTITUTE: LEVY NEWS

210. BANK MUSCAT MERGER: HILL AND KNOWLTON BAHRAIN

211. JORDAN RESEARCH

212. SISTANI

213. PAKISTAN TRIBUNE

214. MWU!: LOOKING FOR GOOD JEW

215. YKB: TURKEY BOP

216. WTO: TRADE DISPUTES

217. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT: IIED LONDON

218. BOSTON FEDERAL RESERVE BANK: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

219. TAU NOTES 128: IRAN

220. TAU NOTES 110: IRAN

221. CHATHAM HOUSE: ROYAL INSTITITE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LONDON

222. NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH: NBER

223. ISLAMIC FINANCE DOT COM: LONDON

224. PROFESSOR MAMDANI: GOOD MUSLIM AND BAD MUSLIM BOOK

225. MERIA: SALAFI

226. FORUM FOR INTERNATIONAL POLICY

227. RUSSIA & MIDDLE EAST: CDI RUSSIA WEEKLY

228. GERMANY & MIDDLE EAST: DRESDNER BANK NEWSLETTER

229. FINANCIAL STABILITY FORUM PRESS RELEASE

230. FINANCIAL STABILITY FORUM PRESS RELEASE: TOKYO MEETING

231. MISES INSTITUTE: BUSH AS BUDGET CUTTER?

232. MERIA: BUSH PRESIDENCY

233. FINANCIAL TIMES: DOUGLAS FEITH WHITEWASH

234. NERA: GLOBAL ANTITRUST WEEKLY

235. TRADE FORUM: VALUE CHAIN

236. KHILAFAH DIGEST

237. EARTH NEGOTIATIONS BULLETIN: IISD

238. ROYAL SOCIETY: LONDON

239. DEUTSCHE WELLE: ENGLISH SERVICE

240. DEUTSCHE WELLE: NEWSLETTER

241. MENAFN NEWSLETTER

242. RIGHT ROAD TO PEACE: BENNY ELON PLAN MOLODET

243. SCITECH DAILY REVIEW: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

244. IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST

245. JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE: CONGRESS

246. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: DOD

247. ID21NEWS: UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH

248. DTE: DOWN TO EARTH ECOLOGY

249. ECRI: ECONOMIC CYCLE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

250. OMAN ARAB BANK

251. TAU NOTES 129: SAUDI ARABIA

252. DEUTSCHE BANK RESEARCH

253. DAYAN CENTER

254. SOUTH BULLETIN 99: SOUTH CENTRE

255. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS: GDN

256. PALESTINIAN FORUM FOR ISRAELI STUDIES: MARDAR JOURNAL

257. HEARTLAND: RIGHT ROAD TO PEACE

258. TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT: TLS LONDON

259. TIMES ONLINE: UK

260. SECRECY NEWS: FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS

261. JAPAN FOUNDATION: ARAB FILM FESTIVAL TOKYO

262. BBC NEWSNIGHT: NEO-CON IRAQ OIL PLANS I

263. JUAN COLE: NEO-CON IRAQ OIL PLANS II

264. FEARNLEY RESEARCH: WORLD SHIPPING NEWS

265. MOFA: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS JAPAN PALESTINE

266. MICROFINANCE: DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY

267. OXFORD INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY STUDIES: PROF. MABRO

268. OECD DIRECT: WORKING PAPERS ALERT

269. WAFA: PALESTINE NEWS AGENCY

270. U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT: MIDDLE EAST

271. COMMODOTIES: CIS

272. RIETI JAPAN: WORLD CITIES

273. IIASA: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

274. POLLS: PALESTINE

275. GULF RESEARCH CENTER: GRC DUBAI

276. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY MAGAZINE

277. BRITISH PETROLEUM: BP STATISTICAL REVIEW OF WORLD ENERGY

278. ALLIANZ: ECONOMIC RESEARCH

279. DEUTSCHE BANK RESEARCH: WORLD POPULATION CHART

280. GOLD: GOLD BULLETIN WORLD GOLD COUNCIL

281. FOUNDATION FOR ISLAMIC THOUGHT

282. AXIS OF LOGIC: BOSTON FEITH ARTICLE

283. RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HUMANITY AND NATURE: RIHN KYOTO

284. MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC SURVEY: MEES

285. INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURE AND TRADE POLICY: IATP

286. GOLD: GFMS LONDON

287. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF JAPAN: MOFA IRAQ PROJECT

288. PASSIA: PALESTINE

289. CASPIAN STUDIES: TEHERAN

290. FOUNDATION FOR CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY: FDC

291. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY: ACS ENERGY AND FUELS ALERT

292. IWPR: CAUCASUS REPORTING SERVICE II

293. GLOBAL ANTI-TRUST WEEKLY: NERA LONDON

294. URUKNET.INFO: IRAQ FEITH

295. URUKNET NEWSLETTER

296. DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY FOUNDATION: JAMES WOLFENSOHN

297. MIFTAH: PALESTINIAN INITIATIVE

298. ISRAEL RADIO ENGLISH PROGRAM: EIDELBERG REPORT

299. LAURA ROZEN BLOG: DOUGLAS FEITH

300. DEUTSCHE BANK: GROWTH II

301. WASHINGTON NOTE: BLOG BOLTON PROSPECTS

302. TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY NOTES 130: PALESTINIANS

303. MENA REPORT: WEEKLY NEWSLETTER

304. EUROMONEY: SEMINARS

305. PETROLEUM ECONOMIST: MAGAZINE

306. THE BANKER: MAGAZINE

307. KISHORE MAHBUBANI BOOK: AMERICA

308. IRAQ CASUALTIES: WEBSITE

309. MERIA: IRAQ EXILES

310. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK: WATER CONFERENCE

311. FUEL CELLS: FUEL CELL COUNCIL

312. FUEL CELLS: II TECHNOLOGY UPDATE NEWSLETTER

313. IAGS: NEOCON ENERGY THINK TANK

314. DAYAN CENTER

315. ZAWYA: BAHRAIN CONFERENCE

316. ARIEL CENTER: NATIV AND FORUM ANNOUNCEMENTS

317. GLOBAL BEAT

318. STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT: JCSS ISRAEL

319. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE: IRRI LOS BANOS

320. MIT ENERGY NEWSLETTER

321. SOUTH BULLETIN 100 FARM TRADE REFORM: SOUTH CENTRE

322. NEW SCIENTIST: NEWSLETTER

323. JEWISH AGENCY FOR ISRAEL: JAFI NEWSLETTER

324. BERKELEY SCIENCE LAB NEWSLETTER

325. RIGHT WEB: NEO-CON PROFILES

326. ISM: PURCHASING MANAGERS INDEX

327. IPCRI: MIDDLE EAST WATER

328. GLOBAL EXCHANGE: NAFTA

329. IASPS: THINK TANK JERUSALEM AND WASHINGTON

330. MIT: GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY

331. MIT: SCIENCE IMPACT COLLABORATIVE

332. PIPA: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

333. SANTA FE INSTITUTE: COMPLEXITY

334. ECONOMIC PRINCIPALS: DAVID WARSH

335. PLATTS MCGRAW-HILL: ENERGY CONFERENCES

336. CED: INDIA GLOBALIZATION BOOK

337. SWAMINATHAN CENTRE: CHENNAI INDIA

338. GANDHI INSTITUTE: MUMBAI INDIA

339. GLOBAL EQUITY INITIATIVE: LINCOLN CHEN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

340. MICROFINANCE GATEWAY

341. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT NETWORK

MIDDLE EAST & WORLD

01. EARTHSCAN: LONDON

02. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE CENTRE: LONDON

03. IMRA: ISRAEL

04. MIT ENVIRONMENTAL SEMINARS

05. SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE

06. FOOD TRADE ALLIANCE

07. IIED: LONDON

08. FLOWS BULLETIN: IIED

09. YALE GLOBAL-ONLINE

10. MERIA: MARCH 2005

11. APEC: AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

12. NGO MONITOR: JERUSALEM

13. ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY: LONDON

14. IPCRI: ISRAEL

15. OCHA UN: PALESTINE OCCUPATION

16. MALARIA RESEARCH: JOHNS HOPKINS

17. BRETTON WOODS PROJECT

18. BRETTON WOODS PROJECT: PART II

19. TEMPLE INSTITUTE: JERUSALEM

20. CEPR: WASHINGTON

21. TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY NOTES 131: ISRAEL BUDGET

22. INDONESIA PROJECT

23. SCITECH DAILY

24. JERUSALEM CLOAKROOM: YORAM ETTINGER

25. BIS REVIEW: NO. 24

26. JUAN COLE: INFORMED COMMENT BLOG

27. WORLD WATER COUNCIL: MARSEILLES

28. CGES: ENERGY STUDIES LONDON

29. AMERICAN JOBS: BLOG

30. DAILY STAR: LEBANON

31. GUSH SHALOM

32. CATERPILLAR: PROTEST

33. FORTUNE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID: BOOK

34. LONG-TERM CHANGE: WORLD HISTORY

35. JWSR: JOURNAL

36. SOUTH BULLETIN: 101

37. YAPI KREDI BANK: TURKEY

38. ARAB CONFERENCE: AHIC

39. JEWISH INSTITUTE FOR WESTERN DEFENCE: JERUSALEM

40. GOOD MUSLIM: MAMDANI BOOK

41. BEYOND THE AGE OF INNOCENCE: KISHORE MAHBUBANI BOOK

42. CROP BIOTECH: NEWSLETTER

43. ISAAA: AGRO

44. WORLD BANK: TRADE NEWSLETTER

45. WORLD BANK: PRESS RELEASE

46. ITTO: YOKOHAMA JAPAN

47. “CAMBRIDGE FORECAST GROUP”: GOOGLE SEARCH

48. IDF: ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES

49. MFA: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ISRAEL

50. ISRAEL NATIONAL RADIO

51. MUSLIM PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL: DOHA CONFERENCE

52. ISLAMIC LEASING: KUWAIT CONFERENCE

53. NATIONAL BANK OF KUWAIT: NBK NEWSLETTER

54. CASPIAN INVESTOR: WORLD TRADE EXECUTIVE NEWSLETTER

55. LIFE AND DEBT: JAMAICA KINCAID MOVIE RE: GLOBALIZATION

56. PETER FUSARO: FUSARO FOCUS ENERGY

57. SHIBLEY TELHAMI: BROOKINGS

58. ELIE WIESEL CENTER: BOSTON UNIVERSITY

59. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEW: LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LAB

60. CASPIAN STUDIES: CYRUS SAFDARI EURASIA NEWSLETTER

61. WATER: IPCRI PALESTINE

62. WATER: SIWI STOCKHOLM

63. WATER: UN AND MORE SIWI

64. BOOK: FIRST GREAT TRIUMPH: RE: AMERICAN IMPERIALISM 1900

65. RESURRECTING EMPIRE: RASHID KHALIDI BOOK

66. INDIA UNBOUND: BOOK

67. MAIZE AND GRACE: BOOK

68. SPECIAL PROVIDENCE: WALTER RUSSELL MEAD BOOK

69. GLOBAL AGENDA MAGAZINE

70. GLOBAL AGENDA MAGAZINE: PROFESSOR TARUN KHANNA HBS

71. THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY MAGAZINE

72. SCIDEV NEWSLETTER: SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT LONDON

73. NBER: ECONOMICS

74. CEPR: ECONOMICS RESEARCH LONDON

75. LEVY ECONOMICS INSTITUTE:

76. LONDON MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE: GULF CONFERENCE

77. FEARNLEYS SHIPPING RESEARCH: NORWAY HEADQUARTERS

78. EPRI: ELECTRICITY CONFERENCE

79. UTILITIES: GAS ELECTRIC CONFERENCE

80. KHAN: ISLAM AND GLOBAL AFFAIRS BLOG

81. ICT: ISRAEL

82. ICETT JAPAN: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

83. CAUCASUS REPORTING SERVICE: IWPR LONDON

84. BLUE OCEAN INSTITUTE

85. THINK ISRAEL

86. TAIB BANK

87. BIS REVIEW 25

88. FREEDOM JUST AROUND THE CORNER: BOOK

89. LAWRENCE LINDSEY BOOK: PUPPETMASTERS

90. MICHAEL KLARE BOOK: BLOOD AND OIL

91. PAUL ROBERTS BOOK: END OF OIL

92. PETRO-STATES: BOOK

93. BANK OF THAILAND

94. BANK MUSCAT RESULTS: OMAN

95. JAPAN MOFA: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

96. OXFORD CENTRE: ISLAMIC STUDIES

97. ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

98. RUSSIA-ISRAEL: CDI RUSSIA LIST

99. GOLD: CHINA

100. FAR EASTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW: FEER

101. MERIA RESEARCH: APRIL 2005

102. ENERGY CAUCUS: NGO

103. SPECIAL OPS: PRESS RELEASE

104. WORLD BANK: PUBLICATIONS ON DEVELOPMENT

105. NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS: NYRB

106. BIS REVIEW 28

107. FINANCIAL STABILITY FORUM: BIS

108. OIL DEPLETION: LONDON

109. ASPO: PEAK OIL AND GAS

110. POWER TO THE PEOPLE: BOOK

111. PETROLEUM REVIEW: ENERGY INSTITUTE LONDON

112. ALBAWABA: BUSINESS NEWS MIDEAST

113. CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE: CYPRUS

114. CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE: INVESTBANK

115. DEUTSCHE BANK RESEARCH

116. TROPICAL AGRICULTURE: CIAT

117. U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: ENERGY AND COMMERCE COMMITTEE

118. MUSLIM WAKE UP!: RICHARD MELSON “RICHARDHOT” POSTS

119. ASIATIMES ONLINE: RICHARD MELSON “RICHARDHOT” POSTS

120. WIDER: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS RESEARCH

121. TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT: TLS LONDON

122. ISLAMIC FINANCE PROJECT: HARVARD LAW SCHOOL

123. IEA BOOKS: SAVING OIL IN A HURRY

124. NIS: BOSTON UNIVERSITY

125. CHINA REPORT: WORLDTRADE EXECUTIVE

126. SOUTH BULLETIN 102: SOUTH CENTRE

127. GOD’S POLITICS: JIM WALLIS BOOK

128. WORLD ON FIRE: AMY CHUA BOOK

129. WORLD AS SYSTEM: KENNETH BOULDING BOOK

130. ENERGY IN WORLD HISTORY: VACLAV SMIL BOOKS

131. RISE OF THE VULCANS: JAMES MANN BOOK

132. RUNNING THE WORLD: BOOK

133. END OF FAITH: SAM HARRIS BOOK

134. ALLIANCE FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY: MIT

135. BASEL BANK COMPLIANCE

136. ARAVA INSTITUTE: WATER ISRAEL

137. ZAWYA: ISLAMIC FINANCE CONFERENCE BAHRAIN

138. ZAWYA: ISLAMIC FUNDS CONFERENCE

139. HANS KUENG: GLOBAL ETHIC

140. IRAQ CASUALTIES

141. ONE JERUSALEM

142. THE NEW YORKER: DOUGLAS FEITH

143. TUNIS CONFERENCE: ARAB WOMEN

144. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

145. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB: YARRIS

146. CERF: CAMBRIDGE

147. MIFTAH: PALESTINE ASHRAWI

148. MEED: MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC DIGEST

149. CENTER FOR GLOBAL DEVELEOPMENT: CGD WASHINGTON

150. MENA REPORT: ARAB ADVISORS CONFERENCE

151. JERUSALEM NEWSWIRE: CHRISTIAN ZIONISM

152. EARTH CHARTER INITIATIVE: COSTA RICA

153. TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY: TAU 132 ERDOGAN VISIT

154. JCPA: DORE GOLD

155. THE LONDON MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE: OCCASIONAL PAPERS

156. COMMODITIES-NOW: UK

157. DUBAI: COMMODITIES

158. WORLD GOLD: LONDON

159. CHALCEDON: CHRISTIAN DOMINIONISM

160. ABS ENERGY: LONDON

161. MPAC

162. CCFI: GAFFAR AWAD SAUDI ARABIA

163. ISRAEL INSIDER: WEEKLY BRIEFING NO.198

164. MORGAN STANLEY: GLOBAL ECONOMIC FORUM

165. PCPSR: PALESTINE SURVEY RESEARCH RAMALLAH

166. NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY: NGA

167. ISIS: IRAN

168. ARUTZ SHEVA: ISRAEL

169. JTA: JEWISH TELEGRAPH AGENCY

170. JWR: JEWISH WORLD REVIEW

171. GLOBAL BEAT: NYU

172. SAUDI INSTITUTE: WASHINGTON

173. RIIA: CHATHAM HOUSE LONDON

174. SOUTH AMERICA-ARAB SUMMIT: B’NAI B’RITH INTERNATIONAL

175. STAND FOR ISRAEL: INTERNATIONAL FELLOWSHIP OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS

176. PALESTINE REPORT

177. PALESTINE: BITTERELEMONS

178. MIDDLE EAST CENTRE LECTURE: OXFORD

179. REZA ASLAN: NO GOD BUT GOD BOOK

180. MATTHEWS ASIAN FUNDS

181. LOUIS BERES: FREEMAN CENTER

182. INSTITUTE OF WORLD ECONOMY: MOSCOW

183. ANTI-DEFAMATIOIN LEAGUE: ADL HEADLINES

184. OXFORD INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY STUDIES: OIES UK

185. THE GLOBALIST: WASHINGTON

186. ROOT AND BRANCH ASSOCIATION

187. NEW KIND OF SCIENCE: NKS WOLFRAM

188. RIYAD BANK ECONOMICS: SAUDI ARABIA

189. RIYAD BANK INVESTMENT RESEARCH: SAUDI ARABIA

190. GLOBAL INVESTMENT HOUSE: KUWAIT WEEKLY

191. SHUAA CAPITAL DUBAI UAE: EQUITIES BRIEF

192. SHUAA CAPITAL DUBAI UAE: EQUITY FUND

193. SHUAA CAPITAL DUBAI UAE: ECONOMICS

194. GIC: GULF INVESTMENT CORPORATION KUWAIT

195. AME INFO: DUBAI MEDIA CITY UAE

196. ATLAS INVESTMENT GROUP

197. EFG-HERMES MIDDLE EAST FUND: EGYPT

198. KAMCO ASSET MANAGEMENT: KUWAIT

199. JIF BANK: JORDAN

200. SICO-BAHRAIN: SECURITIES AND INVESTMENT COMPANY

201. BMI MIDDLE EAST: LONDON

202. OMAN ARAB BANK: MUSCAT OMAN

203. MENAFN: FINANCIAL NEWS

204. SIGMA CAPITAL: CAIRO

205. CAPITAL INTELLIGENCE: CYPRUS

206. GLOBAL INVESTMENT HOUSE: KUWAIT MONTHLY

207. BANK AUDI: BEIRUT

208. SHIITE CRESCENT: KING ABDULLAH OF JORDAN

209. EGYPT TODAY MAGAZINE: CAIRO

210. WASHINGTON REPORT ON MIDDLE EAST AFFAIRS

211. TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY: TAU NOTES 133

212. AN-NAJAH UNIVERSITY: POLL NO.12

213. PRISM REUVEN PAZ: ISLAM-WATCHING INDUSTRY IN ISRAEL

214. ALFA BANK: RUSSIA

215. BIS REVIEW No.34

216. FAWAZ GERGES: BOOKS ON POLITICAL ISLAM

217. FDD: FOUNDATION FOR THE DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACY

218. IRAQ CRISIS: IWPR LONDON

219. URUKNET: IRAQ INFORMATION

220. DRESDNER BANK: NEWSLETTER

221. GLOBES NEWSLETTERS: ISRAEL TECHUPDATE

222. GLOBES NEWSLETTERS: ISRAEL MARKETS

223. NATURE MAGAZINE: LONDON

224. EF BANK: AMMAN JORDAN

225. MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC SURVEY: CYPRUS

226. BIS REVIEW NO.35: JAPANESE ECONOMIC GROWTH

227. COLLAPSE OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES: JOSEPH TAINTER BOOK

228. BAKHEET FINANCIAL ADVISORS: BFA SAUDI ARABIA

229. PROFESSOR SUGIHARA KAORU: OSAKA

230. INDIA UNTOUCHED: BOOK

231. JOURNAL OF WORLD HISTORY

232. REPORT ON SETTLEMENTS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

233. LEBANON BRIEF: BLOMINVEST BANK LEBANON

234. IPC: IRAN POLICY COMMITTEE

235. NGO MONITOR: JERUSALEM CENTER FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS

236. THE DIGNITY OF DIFFERENCE: JONATHAN SACKS BOOK

237. GAMLA: ISRAEL

238. SIKKUY NEWSLETTER

239. NEAR EAST FOUNDATION

240. GULF TIMES DOHA: RUBIN ARTICLE ON FEITH

241. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE: IRRI LOS BANOS

242. TAU NOTES 134: HIZBULLAH’S STRATEGY

243. BIS REVIEW 36 & 37

244. RIGHT WEB NEWS: NEO-CON WATCHING

245. ARABICNEWS.COM

246. ALAN DERSHOWITZ

247. MEMRI

248. ISA CONFERENCE: NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

249. BERKELEY LAB TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

250. MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC SURVEY: MAY 2005

251. PALESTINE: ARC PROJECT

252. JORDINVEST: JORDAN

253. BIS REVIEW NO.38

254. GFMS LONDON: WORLD SILVER SURVEY

255. INTELLIGENCE AND TERRORISM INFORMATION CENTER: ISRAEL

256. LEVY INSTITUTE: ECONOMIC RESEARCH

257. STRATEGIC FORECASTING

258. MALARIA: WORLD BANK INSTITUTE

259. JEC: GLOBAL IMBALANCES

260. SAUDI-US

261. IAN LUSTICK: ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT

262. TAIB KAZAKH BANK

263. RIETI: JAPAN

264. GLOCOM: JAPAN

265. BANKMUSCAT: HILL AND KNOWLTON

266. GAJENDRA SINGH: SAAG

267. BANK OF ENGLAND: FINANCIAL STABILITY REVIEW

268. IRMEP

269. CCFI: SAUDI ARABIA GAFFAR AWAD

270. WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM: AMMAN JORDAN MAY 2005

271. AFRICA: OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTER

272. GLOBAL COALITION FOR AFRICA

273. CLIMATOLOGY RESEARCH GROUP: OXFORD

274. G-20: CHINA 2005 CHAIRMANSHIP

275. MERIA: ISRAEL

276. AL NAKHLAH: TUFTS

277. SAUDI-AMERICAN FORUM

278. JUSTIN RAIMONDO BOOK: THE TERROR ENIGMA

279. OXFORD ANALYTICA

280. KHALEEJ TIMES ONLINE

281. STANLEY HOFFMANN BOOK: GULLIVER UNBOUND

282. NCB BANK: JEDDAH SAUDI ARABIA

283. MIDDLE EAST AVIATION CONFERENCE DUBAI: JANES

284. AIR & SPACE POWER JOURNAL: MAXWELL AFB

285. BIS REVIEW NO. 40

286. CERF: CAMBRIDGE FINANCE

287. CHARLES KUPCHAN: AMERICA BOOK

288. SOUTH CENTRE BULLETIN 104: ARAB-SOUTH AMERICAN SUMMIT

289. BIS REVIEW NO.41

290. PROGRESSIVE RESPONSE

291. THE RIGHT NATION: BOOK

292. THE COUSINS WARS: BOOK

293. AMERICAN DYNASTY: BOOK

294. WHEN ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY MEET: BOOK

295. MUSLIM PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL: WASHINGTON

296. U.S. CENTRAL COMMAND: IRAQ

297. DOD WEBSITES

298. MISES INSTITUTE: CHINA & U.S.INTEREST RATES

299. IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST: NIXON CENTER WASHINGTON

300. CLYDE PRESTOWITZ BOOK

301. TED FISHMAN BOOK: CHINA, INC.

302. JINSA: REPORTS

303. SYRIA REPORT

304. COPENHAGEN CONSENSUS

305. JEWISH ALLIANCE FOR JUSTICE AND PEACE

306. RICHARD HAASS BOOK: OPPORTUNITY

307. INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS: IIE WASHINGTON

308. TZEMACH NEWS SERVICE

309. GUYSEN ISRAEL NEWS

310. IEA: NEW WEBSITE FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

311. THE OTHER ISRAEL

312. TEL AVIV NOTES 136

313. KIBUSH: OCCUPATION

314. AGROFORESTRY

315. TODAY IN PALESTINE: HEADLINES

316. EGYPT TODAY MONTHLY MAGAZINE: SUDANESE FARMERS AND CONAGRA

317. MILLI GAZETTTE INDIA: RICHARD MELSON PIECE

318. KNESSET: CHRISTIAN ALLIES CAUCUS

319. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ISRAEL: CABINET COMMUNIQUE JUNE 2005

320. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS: ISRAEL LINE

321. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS: ISRAEL

322. ARIEL CENTER FOR POLICY RESEARCH: NATIV ACPR ISRAEL

323. RENAISSANCE CAPITAL: RUSSIA

324. MIDDLE EAST FORUM PHILADELPHIA: MICHAEL RUBIN PIECE

325. INEAS: CAMBRIDGE MASSACHUSETTS

326. HEDGE FUNDS

327. FOOLED BY RANDOMNESS: NASSIM TALEB BOOK

328. THE PREDICTORS: THOMAS BASS BOOK

329. AMITAV GHOSH BOOK: THE HUNGRY TIDE

330. AFRICA COMMISSION & TONY BLAIR: LONDON

331. GLOBALIZATION: LEVERHULME CENTRE NOTTINGHAM UK

332. MERIA JOURNAL JUNE 2005

333. BIS REVIEW NO.42

334. IISD: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

335. MEMRI: WASHINGTON

336. ARAB NEWS: DOUGLAS FEITH PIECE

337. IIASA: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AUSTRIA

338. TAU NOTES 137: TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY

339. BIS REVIEW NO.43: BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS

340. SOUND BITE SOCIETY: JEFFREY SCHEUER BOOK

341. STATOIL: STAVANGER NORWAY

342. YKB: ISTANBUL

343. WATER: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

344. PERFECTLY LEGAL: DAVID CAY JOHNSTON BOOK

345. AMERICA’S PROVIDENTIAL HISTORY: BOOK FROM CHRISTIAN RIGHT

346. SITE INSTITUTE: RITA KATZ

347. NEW YORKER: LETTER FROM BAGHDAD COLUMN

348. HAARETZ: WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY US/ISRAEL

349. FUTURE FOR INVESTORS: JEREMY SIEGEL BOOK

350. AGAINST THE GODS: PETER BERNSTEIN BOOK ON RISK

351. CLIODYNAMICS: PETER TURCHIN I

352. CLIODYNAMICS: PETER TURCHIN II

353. BRIDGES FOR PEACE: CHRISTIAN ZIONISTS JERUSALEM

354. LARRY DIAMOND BOOK: SQUANDERED VICTORY

355. GULFBASE: YAMAMA SAUDI CEMENT COMPANY

356. BANK ALJAZIRA

357. METI: JAPAN

358. MOFA: JAPAN

359. BOJ: JAPAN

360. JAPAN TIMES

361. STEVEN STROGATZ: CORNELL CHAOS THEORETICIAN

362. ISRAPUNDIT

363. NATURE: AN ECONOMIC HISTORY BOOK

364. HEDGEWORLD NEWS

365. BRETTON WOODS PROJECT: UPDATE NO.46

366. WORLD IN THE BALANCE: NOVA PROGRAM

367. INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN: WASHINGTON

368. INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: INDIA

369. HILL AND KNOWLTON: BAHRAIN

370. WATER WAR IN BOLIVIA: OLIVERA & LEWIS BOOK

371. ALLIANZ DRESDNER GROUP ECONOMIC RESEARCH: WORLD ECONOMY INDICATORS

372. FRB SAN FRANCISCO: ECONOMIC LETTER

373. WHY GLOBALIZATION WORKS: MARTIN WOLF BOOK

374. IRANIAN LABYRINTH: DILIP HIRO BOOK

375. PROFESSOR DAVID BLOOM: DEMOGRAPHY

376. CEDPA: POPULATION

377. CSE: INDIA

378. CED: INDIA

379. EPW: INDIA

380. ALJAZEERAH.INFO: CRAWFORD PACT AS SYKES-PICOT II

381. ALJAZEERAH.INFO: JERUSALEM SUMMITS MELSON ESSAY

382. RUSSIA: RAS

383. MID-EAST REALITIES: WASHINGTON

384. ZAMAN ONLINE: ISTANBUL FEITH STORY

385. PAKTRIBUNE FORUM: ETHNIC CLEANSING OF JERUSALEM

386. MUSLIM WAKEUP! FORUM: MUSLIMS AND JEWS IN THE WORLD SYSTEM

387. BANK OF ENGLAND: QUARTERLY BULLETIN

388. BANK OF ENGLAND: II

389. SAUDI ARABIA EXPOSED: JOHN BRADLEY BOOK

390. SOUTH CENTRE: BULLETIN 105

391. KICKING AWAY THE LADDER: CHANG BOOK

392. BIS REVIEW NO.46

393. THE ROYAL SOCIETY LONDON: AFRICAN FUTURE

394. THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: LONDON

395. GREEN BELT MOVEMENT: AFRICA

396. REUVEN PAZ: PRISM HERZLIYA

397. HISTORY AND THEORY: JOURNAL

398. IRAQ MEMORY FOUNDATION: KANAN MAKIYA

399. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN FRONTIERS: HYDROGEN HOPES

400. COFFEE: IATP

401. CEBR FORECASTING EYE: LONDON

402. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA INTERACTIVE EXCHANGE: UK

403. BIS REVIEW NO.47: ISLAMIC FINANCE

404. GLOBAL EQUITY INITIATIVE: HARVARD LINCOLN CHEN

405. SCIRI: LONDON OFFICE

406. ECONOMICS OF ADJUSTMENT AND GROWTH: AGENOR BOOK

407. THE NEW HEROES: PBS PROGRAM ROBERT REDFORD

408. COLOSSUS: FERGUSON BOOK

409. SOUTH BULLETIN 106: DOHA SUMMIT

410. NEW AMERICAN MILITARISM: BACEVICH BOOK

411. BIS REVIEW NO.49: ISLAMIC FINANCE

412. MADE IN TEXAS: MICHAEL LIND BOOK

413. SIX DAYS OF WAR: MICHAEL OREN BOOK

414. PAUL KENNEDY: THE RISE OF THE ANGLO-GERMAN ANTAGONISM BOOK

415. CAESAREA CONFERENCE: SHARON & NETANYAHU

416. PLOUGH, SWORD, AND BOOK: ERNEST GELLNER BOOK

417. KICKSTART: NAIROBI

418. RECONSTRUCTING MACROECONOMICS: LANCE TAYLOR BOOK

419. FORUM FOR THE FUTURE: LONDON

420. RUSSIAN ECONOMIC FORUM: EVENTICA LONDON

421. GRAMEEN TRUST: NEWSLETTER

422. ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: STANFORD

423. RADICAL EVOLUTION: JOEL GARREAU BOOK